Which of the following statements about glia is true?

A 45-year-old female office worker had been experiencing tingling in her index and middle fingers and thumb of her right hand. Recently, her wrist and hand had become weak. Her physician ordered a nerve conduction test to evaluate her for carpal tunnel syndrome. Which one of the following nerves has the slowest conduction velocity?

Which of the following is not correctly paired?

A 32-year-old female received an injection of a local anesthetic for a tooth extraction. Within 2 h, she noted palpitations, diaphoresis, and dizziness. Which of the following ionic changes is correctly matched with a component of the action potential?

Which of the following physiological processes is not correctly paired with a structure?

A 35-year-old woman sees her physician to report muscle weakness in the extraocular eye muscles and muscles of the extremities. She states that she feels fine when she gets up in the morning, but the weakness begins soon after she becomes active. The weakness is improved by rest. Sensation appears normal. The physician treats her with an anticholinesterase inhibitor, and she notes immediate return of muscle strength. Her physician diagnoses her with

A 47-year-old female was admitted to the hospital after reporting that she had been experiencing nausea and vomiting for about two days and then developed severe muscle weakness and neurological symptoms including ptosis and dysphagia. She indicated she had eaten at a restaurant the evening before the symptoms began. Lab tests were positive for Clostridium botulinum.Neurotoxins block the reuptake

Which of the following statements about neurotransmitters is true?

A 28-year-old male was seen by a neurologist because he had experienced prolonged episodes of tingling and numbness in his right arm. He underwent a neurological exam to evaluate his sensory nervous system. Which of the following receptors is correctly paired with the type of stimulus to which it is most apt to respond?

A 32-year-old female experienced the sudden onset of a severe cramping pain in the abdominal region. She also became nauseated. Visceral pain

A 28-year-old male with severe myopia made an appointment to see his ophthalmologist when he began to notice flashing lights and floaters in his visual field. He was diagnosed with a retinal detachment. The retina

An 11-year-old male was having difficulty reading the graphs that his teacher was showing at the front of classroom. His teacher recommended he be seen by an ophthalmologist. Not only was he asked to look at a Snellen letter chart for visual acuity but he was also asked to identify numbers in an Ishihara chart. He responded that he merely saw a bunch of dots. Abnormal color vision is 20 times more common in men than women because most cases are caused by an abnormal

A 45-year-old woman visited her physician after experiencing sudden onset of vertigo, tinnitus and hearing loss in her left ear, nausea, and vomiting. This was the second episode in the past few months. She was referred to an otolaryngologist to rule out Meniere disease. Which of the following statements correctly describe the functions of the external, middle, or inner ear?

A 40-year-old male, employed as a road construction worker for nearly 20 years, went to his physician to report that he recently began to notice difficulty hearing during normal conversations. A Weber test showed that sound from a vibrating tuning fork was localized to the right ear. A Schwabach test showed that bone conduction was below normal. A Rinne test showed that both air and bone conduction were abnormal, but air conduction lasted longer than bone conduction. The diagnosis was:

A young boy was diagnosed with congenital anosmia, a rare disorder in which an individual is born without the ability to smell. Odorant receptors are

While exercising, a 42-year-old female developed sudden onset of tingling in her right leg and an inability to control movement in that limb. A neurological exam showed a hyperactive knee jerk reflex and a positive Babinski sign. Which of the following is not characteristic of a reflex?

A 45-year-old male had a meal containing wild mushrooms that he picked in a field earlier in the day. Within a few hours after eating, he developed nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urinary urgency, vasodilation, sweating, and salivation. Which of the following statements about the parasympathetic nervous system is correct?

In a healthy, alert adult sitting with their eyes closed, the dominant EEG rhythm observed with electrodes over the occipital lobes is

A 79-year-old woman has been experiencing difficulty finding her way back home after her morning walks. Her husband has also noted that she takes much longer to do routine chores around the home and often appears to be confused. He is hoping that this is just due to old age but fears it may be a sign of Alzheimer disease. Which of the following is the definitive sign of this disease?

The correct temporal sequence for events at the neuromuscular junction is

In skeletal muscle, which of the following events occurs before depolarization of the T tubules in the mechanism of excitation– contraction coupling

Which of the following statements best describes the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti?

Cutting which structure on the left side causes total blindness in the left eye?

The inability to perform rapidly alternating movements is associated with lesions of the

Patients are enrolled in trials of a new atropine analog. Which of the following would be expected?

A 46-year-old woman has hirsutism, hyperglycemia, obesity, muscle wasting, and increased circulating levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The most likely cause of her symptoms is

A 39-year-old man with untreated diabetes mellitus type I is brought to the emergency room. An injection of insulin would be expected to cause an increase in his

A key difference in the mechanism of excitation contraction coupling between the muscle of the pharynx and the muscle of the wall of the small intestine is that

A 30-year-old woman has the anterior lobe of her pituitary gland surgically removed because of a tumor. Without hormone replacement therapy, which of the following would occur after the operation?

Which of the following statements about smooth muscle contraction is most accurate?

In a normal, healthy muscle, what occurs as a result of propagation of an action potential to the terminal membrane of a motor neuron?

A cross-sectional view of a skeletal muscle fiber through the H zone would reveal the presence of what?

The delayed onset and prolonged duration of smooth muscle contraction, as well as the greater force generated by smooth muscle compared with skeletal muscle, are all consequences of which of the following?

A 17-year-old soccer player suffered a fracture to the left tibia. After her lower leg has been in a cast for 8 weeks, she is surprised to find that the left gastrocnemius muscle is significantly smaller in circumference than it was before the fracture. What is the most likely explanation?

Which of the following statements concerning the mechanoreceptive receptor potential is/are true?

Within the primary somatosensory cortex, the various parts of the contralateral body surface are represented in areas of varying size that reflect which of the following?

Which disorder involves a loss of pain sensation on one side of the body coupled with the loss of proprioception, precise tactile localization, and vibratory sensations on the contralateral side of the body?

Vibratory sensation is dependent on the detection of rapidly changing, repetitive sensations. The high-frequency end of the repetitive stimulation scale is detected by which of the following?

Which of the following regarding the attenuation reflex is correct?

Olfactory receptor cells belong to which of the following groups of cells?

Which of the following provides about two thirds of the 59 diopters of refractive power of the eye?

Which of the following items is the type of neuron whose axon forms synaptic junctions with the skeletal muscle cells (extrafusal fibers) that comprise the major part of a muscle?

Broca area is a specialized portion of motor cortex. Which of the following conditions best describes the deficit resulting from damage to Broca area?

The withdrawal reflex is initiated by stimulation delivered to which of the following receptors?

Under awake, resting conditions, brain metabolism accounts for about 15% of the total metabolism of the body, and this is among the highest metabolic rates of all tissues in the body. Which of the following cellular populations of the nervous system contributes most substantially to this high rate of metabolism?

After menopause, hormone replacement therapy with estrogen-like compounds is effective in preventing the progression of osteoporosis. What is the mechanism of their protective effect?

A 40-year-old woman comes to the emergency room with a fracture in the neck of the femur. Radiographs reveal generalized demineralization of the bone in the area. Her plasma calcium ion concentration is significantly greater than normal: 12.2 mg/dL. Which of the following conditions is consistent with this presentation?

A man eats a low carbohydrate meal rich in proteins containing the amino acids that stimulate insulin secretion. Which of the following responses accounts for the absence of hypoglycemia?

Release of which of the following hormones is an example of neuroendocrine secretion?

All are properties of spinal cord reflex except:

A 22-year-old woman presents with a recurrent vaginal candidiasis that is refractory to nystatin treatment. Diabetes screening shows elevated fasting blood glucose, and the patient is started on 25 U of insulin per day. Which aspect of glucose transport is enhanced by insulin?

A 20-year-old man presents with increasing daytime somnolence. A 24-hour sleep study showing a sudden onset of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without previous slow-wave sleep confirms a diagnosis of narcolepsy. REM sleep decreases the secretion of growth hormone. The physiological secretion of growth hormone is increased by which of the following:

At a first-grade parent teacher conference, the teacher of a 6-year-old boy indicates that the boy seems to have difficulty hearing. His parents take him to the pediatrician, who refers the boy to an otolaryngologist. The boy is found to have a significant hearing deficit accompanying a middle ear infection that also involves the middle ear bones. Which of the following is the primary function of the middle ear bones?

The morning after a rock concert, a 20-year-old college student notices difficulty hearing his professor during lecture. The physician at the student health center suspects possible damage to his hair cells by the loud music. Depolarization of the hair cells in the cochlea is caused primarily by the flow of which of the following:

Olfactory receptor cells belong to which of the following groups of cells:

Accommodation for far vision (focusing on an object at a distance) requires which of the following processes?

Visual contrast is enhanced due to lateral inhibition by which retinal cells:

Wallerian degeneration refers to:

No matter where a particular sensory pathway is stimulated along its course to the cortex, the conscious sensation produced is referred to the location of the receptor. This is:

Aphasia refers to:

Water is absorbed in the jejunum, ileum, and colon and excreted in the feces. Arrange these in order of the amount of water absorbed or excreted from greatest to smallest.

Following a natural disaster in Gujarat, there is an outbreak of cholera among displaced persons living in a tent encampment. The affected individuals display severe diarrheal symptoms because of which of the following changes in intestinal transport

Which of the following has the highest pH

A 60-year-old woman undergoes total pancreatectomy because of the presence of a tumor. Which of the following outcomes would not be expected after she recovers from the operation?

A decrease in which of the following would be expected in a child exhibiting a congenital absence of enterokinase?

Gastric pressures seldom rise above the levels that breach the lower esophageal sphincter, even when the stomach is filled with a meal, due to which of the following processes?

A 53-year-old woman with chronic lung disease was experiencing difficulty breathing. Her arterial Po 2 and Pco 2 were 50 and 60 mm Hg, respectively. Which one of the following statements about chemoreceptors is correct?

Which of the following is responsible for the movement of O2 from the alveoli into the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

In the presence of vasopressin, the greatest fraction of filtered water is absorbed in the

What is the clearance of a substance when its concentration in the plasma is 10 mg/dL, its concentration in the urine is 100 mg/ dL, and urine flow is 2 mL/min

If the ejection fraction increases, there will be a decrease in

Blood flow to which organ is controlled primarily by the sympathetic nervous system rather than by local metabolites

The physiologic function of the relatively slow conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node is to allow sufficient time for

A 24-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with severe diarrhea. When she is supine (lying down), her blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg (decreased) and her heart rate is 100 beats/min (increased). When she is moved to a standing position, her heart rate further increases to 120 beats/min. Which of the following accounts for the further increase in heart rate upon standing

A hospitalized patient has an ejection fraction of 0.4, a heart rate of 95 beats/min, and a cardiac output of 3.5 L/min. What is the patient's end-diastolic volume

An infant born prematurely in gestational week 25 has neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Which of the following would be expected in this infant

A 35-year-old man has a vital capacity (VC) of 5 L, a tidal volume (Vt) of 0.5 L, an inspiratory capacity of 3.5 L, and a functional residual capacity (FRC) of 2.5 L. What is his expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

In the transport of CO2 from the tissues to the lungs, which of the following occurs in venous blood

A 42-year-old woman with severe pulmonary fibrosis is evaluated by her physician and has the following arterial blood gases: pH = 7.48, PaO2 = 55 mm Hg, and PaCO2 = 32 mm Hg. Which statement best explains the observed value of PaCO2

If an area of the lung is not ventilated because of bronchial obstruction, the pulmonary capillary blood serving that area will have a PO2 that is

A 58-year-old man is given a glucose tolerance test. In the test, the plasma glucose concentration is increased and glucose reabsorption and excretion are measured. When the plasma glucose concentration is higher than occurs at transport maximum (Tm), the

A woman has a plasma osmolarity of 300 mOsm/L and a urine osmolarity of 1200 mOsm/L. The correct diagnosis is

A man presents with hypertension and hypokalemia. Measurement of his arterial blood gases reveals a pH of 7.5 and a calculated HCO3- of 32 mEq/L. His serum cortisol and urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) are normal, his serum aldosterone is increased, and his plasma renin activity is decreased. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his hypertension

A 49-year-old male patient with severe Crohn disease has been unresponsive to drug therapy and undergoes ileal resection. After the surgery, he will have steatorrhea because

A 24-year-old male graduate student participates in a clinical research study on intestinal motility. Peristalsis of the small intestine

A 44-year-old woman is diagnosed with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Which of the following findings is consistent with the diagnosis

A 17-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department after being injured in an automobile accident and sustaining significant blood loss. He is given a transfusion of 3 units of blood to stabilize his blood pressure. Before the transfusion, which of the following was true about his condition

A 55-year-old man has been diagnosed with Stokes-Adams syndrome. Two minutes after the syndrome starts to cause active blockade of the cardiac impulse, which of the following is the pacemaker of the heart

The diameter of a precapillary arteriole is increased in a muscle vascular bed. A decrease in which of the following would be expected

A healthy 22-year-old female medical student has an exercise stress test at a local health club. An increase in which of the following is most likely to occur in this woman’s skeletal muscles during exercise

A 65-year-old man is suffering from congestive heart failure. He has a cardiac output of 4 L/min, arterial pressure of 115/85 mm Hg, and a heart rate of 90 beats/min. Further tests by a cardiologist reveal that the patient has a right atrial pressure of 10 mm Hg. An increase in which of the following would be expected in this patient

A 60-year-old man had a heart attack 2 days ago, and his blood pressure has continued to decrease. He is now in cardiogenic shock. Which of the following therapies is most beneficial

A 30-year-old female enters the emergency room and has been experiencing severe vomiting. She has pale skin, tachycardia, and arterial pressure of 80/50, and has trouble walking. What therapy do you recommend to prevent shock

A 26-year-old man develops glomerulonephritis, and his GFR decreases by 50% and remains at that level. For which of the following substances would you expect to find the greatest increase in plasma concentration

If the average hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries is 50 mm Hg, the hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman space is 12 mm Hg, the average colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries is 30 mm Hg, and there is no protein in the glomerular ultrafiltrate, what is the net pressure driving glomerular filtration

Which of the following changes would you expect to find in a dehydrated person deprived of water for 24 hours

Which of the following is true of the tubular fluid that passes through the lumen of the early distal tubule in the region of the macula densa

In a patient with very high levels of aldosterone and otherwise normal kidney function, approximately what percentage of the filtered load of sodium would be reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

A 62-year-old man complains of headaches, visual difficulties, and chest pains. His examination shows a red complexion and a large spleen. His complete blood count follows: hematocrit, 58 percent, WBC 13,300/ul, and platelets 600,000/ul. His arterial oxygen saturation is 97 percent on room air. Which of the following would you recommend as a treatment

In a normal healthy person, which of the following blood components has the shortest life span

What is the proper pathway for the extrinsic clotting pathway

A 2-year-old boy bruises easily and has previously had bleeding gums. The maternal grandfather has a bleeding disorder. His physical examination shows several small bruises on the legs. Of which coagulation factor would you suspect this patient to be deficient

A 63-year-old woman returned to work following a vacation in New Zealand. Several days after returning home, she awoke with swelling and pain in her right leg and her leg was blue. She went immediately to the emergency room where an examination showed an extensive deep vein thrombosis involving the femoral and iliac veins on the right side. Following resolution of the clot, this patient will require which treatment in the future

A 67-year-old man is admitted as an emergency to University Hospital because of severe chest pain. A Swan-Ganz catheter is floated into the pulmonary artery, the balloon is inflated, and the pulmonary wedge pressure is measured. The pulmonary wedge pressure is used clinically to monitor which of the following pressures

When respiratory drive for increased pulmonary ventilation becomes greater than normal, a special set of respiratory neurons that are inactive during normal quiet breathing then becomes active, contributing to the respiratory drive. These neurons are located in which of the following structures

At a party a 17-year-old male places a paper bag over his mouth and breathes in and out of the bag. As he continues to breathe into this bag, his rate of breathing continues to increase. Which of the following is responsible for the increased ventilation

The cephalic phase of gastric secretion accounts for about 30% of the acid response to a meal. Which of the following can totally eliminate the cephalic phase of gastric secretion

Mass movements constitute an important intestinal event that lead to bowel movements. Mass movements cause which of the following

A 52-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with severe chest pain. Angiography demonstrates a severe coronary occlusion. A thrombolytic agent is administered to re-establish perfusion. Which of the following does the thrombolytic agent activate

Which of the following would best explain a prolonged bleeding time test

Which of the following is the result of an inward Na+ current

An 80-year-old man reports increasing dyspnea, which worsens with exertion. The cardiologist orders an echocardiogram, brain natriuretic peptide, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) to evaluate possible congestive heart failure. Which of the following is most likely with ANP

If a patient undergoing spinal anaesthesia experiences a large decrease in arterial pressure and goes into shock, which of the following would be the therapy of choice

Cardiac output is determined by all except

A new drug is developed that blocks the transporter for H+ secretion in gastric parietal cells. Which of the following transport processes is being inhibited

A 44-year-old woman is diagnosed with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Which of the following findings is consistent with the diagnosis

A 48-year-old woman with advanced breast cancer presents with severe nausea, vomiting, and dehydration. She is not undergoing chemo-therapy currently. Laboratory findings reveal elevated serum-ionized calcium. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels are undetectable, but there is an increase in PTH-related peptide PTHrP. The increased flow of calcium into the cell is an important component of the upstroke phase of the action potential in which of the following

An infant born prematurely in gestational week 25 has neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Which of the following would be expected in this infant

A 35-year-old man has a vital capacity (VC) of 5 L, a tidal volume (Vt) of 0.5 L, an inspiratory capacity of 3.5 L, and a functional residual capacity (FRC) of 2.5 L. What is his expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A couple presents at the fertility center with concerns that they have not been able to conceive a child. The reproductive endocrinologist evaluates the wife to be certain that she is ovulating. Which of the following is an indication that ovulation has taken place

Drug used to treat CHQ resistant malaria in a pregnant female during first trimester is:

All are used in systemic fungal infections except:

Locally used antifungal for corneal ulceration is:

Which of the following antileprotic drug causes skin ichthyosis:

All are true except in Isoniazid therapy:

Which of the following antibiotic not effective against kleibsella and pseudomonas:

Which of the following drug not used because of risk of prolongation of QT interval:

DOC for neurosyphilis is:

Which of the following drug is showing cross sensitivity wih isoniazid:

Resistance against INH is due to:

True about Amphotericin-B are all except:

Albendazole is not a DOC for which condition:

All of the following are used in leishmaniasis except:

Drug of choice for bacterial vaginosis is:

A patient having pneumonia due to ventilator treatment given ceftriaxone and amikacin. Culture & sensitivity report showing pseudomonas growth, which is having extended spectrum beta lactamase activity. What is the next step of management

Antibiotic commonly associated with cause of pseudomembranous colitis is:

Gonorrhoea become resistant to all of the following antibiotics except:

All are true regarding Daptomycin except:

Antagonistic drug combination is:

Drug of choice for restless leg syndrome is:

Which of the following pair is correct side effect of drugs:

Levetiracetam used for:

Drug which does not act by inhibiting nucleic acid is:

Which of the following cephalosporin having anti-MRSA activity:

Which of the following is the treatment of choice for cryptococcal meningitis:

A-28-year-old intravenous drug user complains about severe epigastric pains, nausea and vomiting. He has upper GI endoscopy which shows small areas of ulceration and white plaques. Following is the best treatment option:

All are correct except:

True match for Antiemetics:

Cyproheptadine: All are true except

Which of the following drug can be used to treat acute gout:

Which NSAID undergoes enterohepatic circulation:

All of the following cox-inhibitors are highly hepatoxic except:

Which of the following is not a DMARD, which acts via TNF-alpha inhibition:

Which of the following drug used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome associated diarrhea:

Leflunomide acts by inhibiting:

Drugs causing peptic ulcer is:

Thalidomide used in all of the following conditions except:

All are correctly matched except:

True regarding second generation antihistaminics are all except:

A young male patient was suffering from AML so Doxorubicin based regimen chemotherapy given for treated. After some time he is having swelling in lower limb and breathlessness on excretion and during night time. Which is the possible toxicity to this patient:

A patient having lung disorder, which of the following anticancer should not be given to this patient:

Cerebellar toxicity seen with:

Antidote for methotrexate poisoning is:

An old female having breast carcinoma was prescribed transtuzumab. What is true regarding this drug:

All are true regarding Imatinib except:

A patient brought to the causality with overdose of amitryptylline. What is not true:

What is the best time to start folic acid in a patient on antiepileptic:

Gender specific side effect of valproate is:

Which NMDA blocker used in epilepsy patients:

Drug contraindicated in acute intermittent porphyria is:

Mechanism of action of Buprenorphine:

Which of the following non-BZD sedative drug acting on BZD receptor but not having muscle relaxant property is:

Which of the following is not a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor:

A young male giving H/O excessive blinking of one eye since last 5-6 years. He is not able to control this and when he tried to control frequency increases. This is affecting his professional life decreasing his confidence level. What is the best drug for this patient

Which drug is given for depressive phase of BPD patients:

All are false about tegecycline except:

Which antiviral drug is use in both HIV and hep-B:

Drug which lacks intrinsic activity against anaerobes is:

Maximum increase in prolactin level is caused by

Most common agent associated with agranulocytosis is:

Testing of HLA-B5701 is recommended prior to initiation of this antiretroviral agent:

MOA of basiliximab is:

A bed ridden female patient with catheter related UTI by beta lactamase producing klebsiella pneumoniae; which of the following drug you choose:

A patient of biliary colic presented to hospital. Intern gave an injection and the pain worsened. Which is the most likely injection given?

A patient diagnosed with Rheumatoid arthritis was on medications. After 2 years, he developed blurring of vision and was found to have corneal opacity. Which drug is most likely to cause this?

A boy is planning to travel by bus. Which of the following drug can be used to prevent motion sickness in this person?

Drug of choice for invasive aspergillosis is:

A patient was recently started on Fluphenazine. Few weeks later, he developed tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia and excessive salivation. First line of management for this patient is:

Fluoroquinolone contraindicated in liver disease is:

Mechanism of resistance to penicillins via beta lactamase is:

A female patient was on lithium therapy for bipolar disorder for 6 months. She kept the fast for few days due to religious reasons and presented with seizures, coarse tremors, confusion and weakness of limbs. Which of the following done to diagnose her condition?

Which of the following drugs is used as nail lacquer for fungal infections

Pegloticase is used for treatment of:

Which of the following is not a prokinetic?

A 20-year-old man, riding pillion on a snowmobile, was involved in an accident. The machine was travelling at high speed when it hit a tree stump buried in snow. The man was thrown 12 ft. and landed on his right shoulder and the right side of his head. After 3 weeks of hospitalization, it was noticed that he kept his right arm internally rotated by his side with the forearm pronated. An area of anesthesia was present along the lateral side of the upper part of the arm. The following statements concerning this patient are correct except which?

A 60-year-old woman fell down the stairs and was admitted to the emergency department with severe right shoulder pain. On examination, the patient was sitting up with her right arm by her side and her right elbow joint supported by the left hand. Inspection of the right shoulder showed loss of the normal rounded curvature and evidence of a slight swelling below the right clavicle. Any attempt at active or passive movement of the shoulder joint was stopped by severe pain in the shoulder. A diagnosis of dislocation of the right shoulder joint was made. The following statements concerning this patient are consistent with the diagnosis except which

A 45-year-old woman having her yearly physical examination was found to have a hard, painless lump in the upper lateral quadrant of the left breast. On examination with her arms at her sides, the left nipple was seen to be higher than the right, and a small dimple of skin was noted over the lump. On examination of the left axilla, three small, hard discrete nodules could be palpated below the lower border of the pectoralis major muscle. The right breast was normal. A diagnosis of carcinoma of the left breast was made, with secondary deposits in the axilla. The following statements concerning this patient are correct except which

A young secretary, running from her office, had a glass door swing back in her face. To protect herself, she held out her left hand, which smashed through the glass. On admission to the hospital, she was bleeding profusely from a superficial laceration in front of her left wrist. She had sensory loss over the palmar aspect of the medial one and a half fingers but normal sensation of the back of these fingers over the middle and proximal phalanges. She had difficulty in grasping a piece of paper between her left index and middle fingers. All her long flexor tendons were intact.The following statements concerning this patient is correct except which

A 64-year-old man consulted his physician because he had noticed during the past 6 months a thickening of the skin at the base of his left ring finger. As he described it. There appears to be a band of tissue that is pulling my ring finger into the palm. On examination of the palms of both hands, a localized thickening of subcutaneous tissue could be felt at the base of the left ring and little fingers. The metacarpophalangeal joint of the ring finger could not be fully extended, either actively or passively. The following statements concerning this patient are correct except which

A 54-year-old female marathon runner presents with pain in her right wrist that resulted when she fell with force on her outstretched hand. Radiographic studies indicate an anterior dislocation of a carpal bone (figure). Which of the following bones is most likely dislocated

A 69-year-old man has numbness in the middle three digits of his right hand and finds it difficult to grasp objects with that hand. He states that he retired 9 years earlier, after working as a carpenter for 50 years. He has atrophy of the thenar eminence (Figure). Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of the problems in his hand

A 22-year-old woman is admitted to the emergency department in an unconscious state. The nurse takes a radial pulse to determine the heart rate of the patient. This pulse is felt lateral to which tendon

A 35-year-old patient has a small but painful tumor under the nail of the little finger. Which of the following nerves would have to be anesthetized for a painless removal of the tumor

A 22-year-old pregnant woman was admitted emergently to the hospital after the baby had begun to appear at the introitus. The baby had presented in the breech position, and it had been necessary to exert considerable traction to complete the delivery. The newborn is shown in Figure. Which of the following structures was most likely injured by the trauma of childbirth

A 22-year-old male medical student was seen in the emergency department with a complaint of pain in his hand. He confessed that he had hit a vending machine in the hospital when he did not receive his soft drink after inserting money twice. The medial side of the dorsum of the hand was quite swollen, and one of his knuckles could not be seen when he made a fist. The physician made a diagnosis of a fracture of boxers. What was the nature of the impatient student injury

A 17-year-old female student of martial arts entered the emergency department with a complaint of pain in her hand. Patient history reveals that she had been breaking concrete blocks with her hand. Examination reveals that the patient has weak abduction and adduction of her fingers but has no difficulty in flexing them. The patient also has decreased sensation over the palmar surfaces of the fourth and fifth digits. Which of the following best describes the nature of her

A 27-year-old male painter is admitted to the hospital after falling from a ladder. Physical examination reveals that the patient is unable to abduct his arm more than 15 degree and cannot rotate the arm laterally. A radiographic examination reveals an oblique fracture of the humerus. He has associated sensory loss over the shoulder area. Which of the following injuries will most likely correspond to the symptoms of the physical examination

While walking to his classroom building, a firstyear medical student slipped on the wet pavement and fell against the curb, injuring his right arm. Radiographic images showed a midshaft fracture of the humerus. Which pair of structures was most likely injured at the fracture site

A 55-year-old male fire-fighter is admitted to the hospital after blunt trauma to his right axilla. Examination reveals winging of the scapula and partial paralysis of the right side of the diaphragm. Which of the following parts of the brachial plexus have been injured

A45-year-old woman is being examined as a candidate for cosmetic breast surgery. The surgeon notes that both of her breasts sag considerably. Which structure has most likely become stretched to result in this condition

A 48-year-old female court stenographer is admitted to the orthopedic clinic with symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome, with which she has suffered for almost a year. Which muscles most typically become weakened in this condition

Laboratory studies in the outpatient clinic on a 24-year-old female included assessment of circulating blood chemistry. Which of the following arteries is most likely at risk during vein puncture at the cubital fossa

A 45-year-old male is admitted to the hospital with a painful arm after a strongest man in the world contest. Physical examination gives evidence of a rupture of the long tendon of the biceps brachii (Figure). Which of the following is the most likely location of the rupture

A 3-year-old girl is admitted to the emergency department with severe pain. History taking reveals that the girl was violently lifted by her raised arm by her mother to prevent the girl from walking in front of a moving car. Which of the following is most likely the cause of the pain

A 34-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital after a car collision. Physical examination reveals a mallet finger. Which of the following conditions is expected to be present during radiographic examination

After a major abdominal operation, a patient was given a course of antibiotics by intramuscular injection. The nurse was instructed to give the injections into the right buttock. Later, when the patient left the hospital, he developed several symptoms and signs that suggested that the injections into the gluteus maximus muscle had been given over the course of the sciatic nerve and had caused a lesion of the common peroneal nerve. The symptoms and signs displayed by this patient included the following except which

A 25-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department after an automobile accident. Apart from other superficial injuries, he was found to have a fracture of the middle third of the right femur. The following statements concerning this patient are possible except which

A 27-year-old woman was found to have an unstable right knee joint following a severe automobile accident. On examination, it was possible to pull the tibia excessively forward on the femur. A diagnosis of ruptured anterior cruciate ligament was made. The following statements concerning this patient are correct except which

A 17-year-old girl was dealing drugs on a street corner when she became involved in a fight. During the brawl she received a deep knife wound to the front of her right thigh. After a thorough examination in the emergency department of the local hospital, it was determined that the knife point had severed the trunk of the right femoral nerve just below the inguinal ligament. This patient had the following signs and symptoms except which

A 31-year-old woman has a history of poliomyelitis affecting the anterior horn cells of the lower thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord on the left side. On examination, she has severe right lateral flexion deformity of the vertebral column. The following statements are true about this case except which

A 20-year-old woman severely sprains her left ankle while playing tennis. When she tries to move the foot so that the sole faces medially, she experiences severe pain. What is the correct anatomic term for the movement of the foot that produces the pain

A 19-year-old boy was suspected of having leukemia. It was decided to confirm the diagnosis by performing a bone marrow biopsy. The following statements concerning this procedure are correct except which

A 37-year-old male is admitted to the hospital after an injury to his foot while playing flag football with friends on a Saturday morning. A series of radiographs demonstrates a fracture involving the talocrural (tibiotalar, ankle) joint. Which movements are the major ones to be affected by this injury

A 16-year-old male received a superficial cut on the lateral side of his foot while playing football and is admitted to the emergency department where the wound is sutured. Four days later the patient returns to the hospital with high fever and swollen lymph nodes. Which group of nodes will first receive lymph from the infected wound

A 49-year-old construction worker is admitted to the emergency department with a painful lump on the proximal medial aspect of his thigh. Radiographic and physical examinations reveal that the patient has a herniation of abdominal viscera beneath the inguinal ligament into the thigh. Through which of the following openings will a hernia of this type initially pass to extend from the abdomen into the thigh

A 45-year-old male presents at the local emergency clinic with the complaint of a painful knee and difficulty in walking. A CT scan examination reveals a very large cyst in the popliteal fossa compressing the tibial nerve. Which movement will most likely be affected

A 19-year-old football player was hit on the lateral side of his knee just as he put that foot on the ground. Unable to walk without assistance, he is taken to the hospital. An MRI examination reveals a torn medial collateral ligament. Which structure would most likely also be injured due to its attachment to this ligament

Upon removal of a leg cast, a 15-year-old boy complains of numbness of the dorsum of his right foot and inability to dorsiflex and everts his foot. Which is the most probable site of the nerve compression that resulted in these symptoms

A 75-year-old man is transported to the emergency department with severe pain of his right hip and thigh. A radiographic examination reveals avascular necrosis of the femoral head (Figure). Which of the following conditions most likely occurred to produce avascular necrosis in this patient

A 10-year-old girl is admitted to the emergency department after falling from a tree in which she was playing with her friends. Radiographic and physical examinations reveal Osgood-Schlatter disease (Figure). Which of the following bony structures is chiefly affected

A 58-year-old female employee of a housecleaning business visits the outpatient clinic with a complaint of constant, burning pain in her knees. Clinical examinations reveal a knee of housemaid condition (Figure). Which of the following structures is most likely affected

34-year-old woman has a direct blow to the patella by the dashboard of the vehicle during an automobile crash. The woman is admitted to the emergency department and radiographic examination reveals patella-femoral syndrome. This type of syndrome is characterized by lateral dislocation of the patella. Which of the following muscles requires strengthening by physical rehabilitation to prevent future dislocation of the patella

A 45-year-old male is treated at the hospital after he fell from his bicycle. Radiographic examination reveals fractures both of the tibia and the fibula. On physical examination the patient has a foot drop, but normal eversion (Figure). Which of the following nerves is most likely injured

A 32-year-old man is admitted to the emergency department after an injury to his foot while playing football with his college friends. An MRI examination reveals multiple tendinous tears (Figure). Which of the following bones is associated with the muscle tears

In the radiographs of the knee of a male 28-yearold basketball player, who had apparently suffered a tear in a medial ligament of the knee, the tubercle on the superior aspect of the medial femoral condyle could be seen more clearly than in most individuals. What muscle attaches to this tubercle

A 49-year-old man is admitted to the emergency department with a cold and pale foot. Physical examination reveals that the patient suffers from peripheral vascular disease and his popliteal artery is occluded and no pulse is felt upon palpation. What is the landmark to feel the pulse of the femoral artery

A 50-year-old man with chronic alcoholism was told by his physician that he had cirrhosis of the liver with portal hypertension. The following statements explain why the patient recently vomited a cupful of blood except which

A 9-week-old boy was admitted to the hospital with a swelling in the right groin that extended down into the upper part of the scrotum. When he cried, the swelling enlarged. On careful palpation it was possible to reduce the size of the swelling, and this procedure was accompanied by a gurgling noise. The symptoms and signs displayed by this patient can be explained by the following statements except which

A 20-year-old soccer player was accidentally kicked on the left side of her chest. On returning to the locker room she said she felt faint and collapsed to the floor. On examination in the emergency department, she was found to be in hypovolemic shock. She had tenderness and muscle rigidity in the left upper quadrant of her abdomen. She also had extreme local tenderness over her left 10th rib in the midaxillary line. The symptoms and signs displayed by this patient can be explained by the following statements except which

A 63-year-old man with a long history of a duodenal ulcer was seen in the emergency department after vomiting blood-stained fluid and exhibiting all the signs and symptoms of severe hypovolemic shock. The following statements concerning duodenal ulcers could apply to the condition of patient except which

A 47-year-old woman was operated on for the treatment of a chronic gastric ulcer that had not responded to medical treatment. At operation for partial gastrectomy, it was found that the posterior wall of the stomach was stuck down to the posterior abdominal wall. The surgeon had to proceed with great care to avoid damaging important structures lying on the posterior abdominal wall. The following structures located on the posterior abdominal wall were possibly involved in the disease process except which

A 16-year-old boy received a severe kick in the right flank while playing football at school. On examination in the emergency department, his right flank was severely bruised, and his right costovertebral angle was extremely tender on palpation. A specimen of urine showed microscopic hematuria. A diagnosis of damage to the right kidney was made. The following statements concerning blunt trauma to the kidney are correct except which

A 17-year-old boy was involved in a gang fight. It started as an argument but quickly worsened into a street brawl with the use of knives. He was examined in the emergency department and found to have a bleeding stab wound in his left flank. A urine specimen revealed frank blood. Stab wounds of the kidneys involve other abdominal organs in a high percentage of cases. Of the organs listed, which one is least likely to be damaged in this patient

A 27-year-old woman was involved in a head-on automobile accident. When examined in a neighboring hospital, she was in a state of severe shock, with a rapid pulse and low blood pressure. Extensive bruising was seen on the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall. Further examination showed that the abdomen was becoming rapidly distended. Exploratory surgery revealed a ruptured abdominal aorta. The following statements concerning this case would explain her clinical condition except which

A heavily built, middle-aged man running down a flight of stone steps misjudged the position of one of the steps and fell suddenly onto his buttocks. Following the fall, he complained of severe bruising of the area of the cleft between the buttocks and persistent pain in this area. The following statements concerning this patient are correct except which

A 28-year-old pregnant woman was very frightened by the thought of going through the pain of childbirth. She asked her obstetrician if it was possible to relieve the pain without having a general anesthetic. She was told that she could have a relatively simple procedure called caudal anesthesia. When performing caudal anesthesia, the syringe needle is inserted into the sacral canal by piercing the following anatomic structures except which

A 4-year-old male child is admitted to the hospital with severe vomiting. Radiographic examination and history taking reveals that the boy suffers from an annular pancreas. Which of the following structures is most typically obstructed by this condition

A 32-year-old male is admitted to the emergency department with groin pain. Examination reveals that the patient has an indirect inguinal hernia. Which of the following nerves is compressed by the herniating structure in the inguinal canal to give the patent pain

A 24-year-old woman has a dull aching pain in the umbilical region, and flexion of the hip against resistance (psoas test) causes a sharp pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant. Which of the following structures is most likely inflamed to cause the pain

A 35-year-old male is admitted to the hospital from the emergency department because of excruciating pain in the back and left shoulder. A CT scan reveals an abscess in the upper part of the left kidney, but no abnormality is detected in the shoulder region. The shoulder pain may be caused by the spread of the inflammation to which of the following neighboring structures

A 63-year-old man with a history of alcoholism is brought to the emergency department with hematemesis (vomiting blood). Findings on endoscopic examination suggest bleeding from esophageal varices. The varices are most likely a result of the anastomoses between the left gastric vein and which other vessel or vessels

A 61-year-old woman had been scheduled for a cholecystectomy. During the operation the scissors of the surgical resident accidentally entered the tissues immediately posterior to the epiploic (omental) foramen (its posterior boundary). The surgical field was filled immediately by profuse bleeding. Which of the following vessels was the most likely source of bleeding

An obese 45-year-old female patient with an elevated temperature comes to the physician’s office complaining of nausea and intermittent, acute pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen during the past 2 days. She has a 24-hour history of jaundice. She has a history of gallstones. Which of the following structures has most likely been obstructed by a gallstone

A 67-year-old man has severe cirrhosis of the liver. He most likely has enlarged anastomoses between which of the following pairs of veins

A 19-year-old male is admitted to the hospital after a violent automobile collision. An MRI examination reveals that the spinal cord has been transected at the L4 cord level. Which of the following portions of the intestine will most predictably lose parasympathetic innervation from the central nervous system

A 45-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital after her automobile left the highway in a rainstorm and hit a tree. She had been wearing a seat belt. On radiographic examination, it is observed that she has suffered fractures of the ninth and tenth rib on her left side and that she has intra-abdominal bleeding. Physical examination reveals hypovolemic shock and progressive hypotension. Which of the following organs is most likely injured to result in these clinical signs

A 15-year-old boy underwent an appendectomy procedure. Two weeks postoperatively the patient complains of numbness of the skin over the pubic region and anterior portion of his genitals. Which of the following nerves was most likely iatrogenically injured during the operation

A 12-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital with massive rectal bleeding. Upon inspection, the color of the blood ranged from bright to dark red. The child appeared to be free of any pain. Radiographic examination revealed an ileal (Meckel) diverticulum. Which of the following is the underlying embryologic cause of this condition

A 23-year-old pregnant woman visits her gynecologist for her routine ultrasound check up. Ultrasonographic examination reveals unilateral renal agenesis and oligohydramnios. Which of the following conditions most likely occurred

During a routine gynecologic examination, a 22-year-old female complains of dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse). During a pelvic examination a mass of tissue is detected on the lateral wall of the vagina. An ultrasound examination reveals that the abnormal structure is a Gartner duct cyst. From which of the following embryonic structures does this cyst take origin

A 45-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with rectal bleeding. Physical examination, including a rectal examination, reveals an abnormal mass of tissue protruding below the pectinate line. Biopsy reveals the presence of an adenocarcinoma. Which of the following groups of lymph nodes would first receive lymph from the area of pathology

A 2-year-old male is admitted to the hospital with testicular pain. Physical examination reveals an enlarged scrotum. An otoscope is placed beneath the lateral side of the scrotum and the testis is transilluminated through the scrotal sac (Figure). Which of the following best describes the signs observed in this patient

A 6-year-old boy has a large intraabdominal mass in the midline just above the pubic symphysis. During surgery a cystic mass is found attached to the umbilicus and to the apex of the bladder. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis

A 26-year-old pregnant woman visits her gynecologist for a routine checkup. Ultrasound examination reveals that the patient has a normal pregnancy but that she also has two uteri. What is the most likely embryologic explanation of this condition

On digital examination of the vagina, the portion of the uterus that one anticipates palpating with the examining finger is the cervix and its external os. Which of the following is the most common position of the uterus

A 55-year-old man complains of pain at his anus. Examination reveals external hemorrhoids. Which of the following nerves carries pain sensation from the anus

Fusion of the caudal portions of the kidneys during embryonic development is most likely to result in which of the following congenital conditions

A 28-year-old woman who is 8 months pregnant goes to the outpatient clinic for her prenatal checkup. Ultrasound examination of the fetus reveals gastroschisis, with herniation of the small bowel into the amniotic cavity. Failure of proper formation of which of the following structure(s) has resulted in this condition

A 54-year-old male is admitted to the emergency department with severe upper abdominal pain. Gastroscopy reveals a tumor in the antrum of the stomach. A CT scan is ordered to evaluate lymphatic drainage of the stomach. Which of the following lymph nodes is most likely to be involved in a malignancy of the stomach

A 45-year-old male entered the emergency department with a complaint of severe abdominal pain. During physical examination it is observed that his cremasteric reflex is absent. Which of the following nerves is responsible for the efferent limb of the cremasteric reflex

A 42-year-old patient is admitted to the hospital after suffering a ruptured spleen in a skiing accident. Physical examination reveals intense pain that radiates to the region of the left shoulder, presumably due to irritation of the diaphragm. Which of the following signs best describes this condition

A 43-year-old man is admitted to the emergency department with complaints of intense abdominal pain. Radiographic examination reveals a right subphrenic abscess that extends to the midline. Which of the following structures would most likely be in a position to retard the spread of the abscess across the midline

A 68-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with severe pain radiating from her lower back toward her pubic symphysis. Ultrasound examination reveals that a renal calculus (kidney stone) is partially obstructing her right ureter. At which of the following locations is the calculus most likely to lodge

A 36-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital for the imminent birth of her baby. The decision is made to perform an emergency caesarean section. A Pfannenstiel incision is used to reach the uterus by making a transverse incision through the external sheath of the rectus muscles, about 2 cm above the pubic bones. It follows natural folds of the skin and curves superior to the mons pubis. Which of the following nerves is most at risk when this incision is made

A 68-year-old man is admitted to the hospital due to severe back pain. Radiographic examination reveals severe osteoporosis of the vertebral column, with crush fractures of vertebrae L4 and L5. Which of the following parts of the vertebrae are most likely to be fractured in this patient

A 34-year-old woman is admitted to the emergency department after a car crash. Radiographic examination reveals a whiplash injury in addition to hyperextension of her cervical spine. Which of the following ligaments will most likely be injured

A 35-year-old woman had a partial thyroidectomy for the treatment of thyrotoxicosis. During the operation a ligature slipped off the right superior thyroid artery. To stop the hemorrhage, the surgeon blindly grabbed for the artery with artery forceps. The operation was completed without further incident. The following morning the patient spoke with a husky voice. The following statements about this patient would explain the husky voice except which

A 52-year-old man was eating his dinner in a seafood restaurant when he suddenly choked on a piece of fish. He gasped that he had a bone stuck in his throat. Assuming that the fish bone was stuck in the piriform fossa, the following statements are correct except which

Early closure of the fontanelles of the infant skull can result in compression of the brain, restricting brain growth. Which of the following fontanelles is located at the junction of sagittal and coronal sutures and at what age does this fontanelle typically close

A 2-day-old infant male has a noticeable gap in his upper lip. The diagnosis is a cleft lip (figure). Failure of fusion of which of the following structures is the most likely cause of this anomaly

A 3-day-old male has a noticeably small mandible. A CT scan and physical examinations reveal hypoplasia of the mandible, cleft palate, and defects of the eye and ear. Abnormal development of which of the following pharyngeal arches will most likely produce such symptoms

A 5-day-old infant is diagnosed with a non-communicating hydrocephalus (Figure). Which of the following is most likely to lead to such a condition?

A 68-year-old woman is suffering from excruciating, sudden bouts of pain over the area of her midface. Laboratory studies indicate that she has tic douloureux (trigeminal neuralgia). Which ganglion is the location of the neural cell bodies of the nerve mediating the pain

34-year-old man is admitted to the hospital with severe headaches, dizziness, and vomiting. Imaging studies reveal a tumor at the hypoglossal canal. Which of the following muscles will most likely be affected

A40-year-old unconscious man is admitted to the emergency department after being hit in the head with a baseball. A CT scan examination reveals a fractured pterion and an epidural hematoma. Branches of which of the following arteries are most likely to be injured

An unconscious 48-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital. CT scan reveals a tumor in her brain. When she regains consciousness, her right eye is directed laterally and downward, with complete ptosis of her upper eyelid, and her pupil is dilated. Which of the following structures was most likely affected by the tumor to result in these symptoms

A 22-year-old male is admitted to the emergency department and intubated. An endotracheal tube is passed through an opening between the vocal folds. What is the name of this opening

A 2-day-old infant was born with a cleft palate (figure). The major portion of the palate develops from which of the following embryonic structures

A 6-year-old boy is admitted to the hospital with high fever and pain over the parotid gland (Figure). A diagnosis of parotiditis (mumps) is established, and the boy is sent back home. Which of the following nerves is responsible for painful sensations from the region of the parotid gland

A 67-year-old man visits the outpatient clinic with hearing problems. During physical examination a Rinne test for hearing is performed by placing a tuning fork on his head to test for bone conduction. Upon what specific point should the tuning fork be placed to test conduction

A 55-year-old man is admitted to the hospital after an injury sustained at work in a factory. He presents with severe scalp lacerations, which were sutured. After three days the wound is inflammed, swollen, and painful. Between which tissue layers is the infection most likely located

54-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department after he was struck by an automobile. Radiographic examination revealed a fracture through the crista galli of the anterior cranial fossa, resulting in slow, local bleeding. Which of the following is the most likely source of bleeding

A 52-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of right-sided pleurisy with pneumonia. It was decided to remove a sample of pleural fluid from her pleural cavity. The resident inserted the needle close to the lower border of the eighth rib in the anterior axillary line. The next morning he was surprised to hear that the patient had complained of altered skin sensation extending from the point where the needle was inserted downward and forward to the midline of the abdominal wall above the umbilicus. The altered skin sensation in this patient after the needle thoracostomy could be explained by which of the following

A 65-year-old man and a 10-year-old boy were involved in a severe automobile accident. In both patients the thorax had been badly crushed. Radiographic examination revealed that the man had five fractured ribs but the boy had no fractures. What is the most likely explanation for this difference in medical findings

On examination of a posteroanterior chest radiograph of an 18-year-old woman, it was seen that the left dome of the diaphragm was higher than the right dome and reached to the upper border of the fourth rib. The position of the left dome of the diaphragm could be explained by one of the following conditions except which

A 15-year-old boy was rescued from a lake after falling through thin ice. The next day, he developed a severe cold, and 3 days later his general condition deteriorated. He became febrile and started to cough up blood-stained sputum. At first, he had no chest pain, but later, when he coughed, he experienced severe pain over the right fifth intercostal space in the midclavicular line. The following statements would explain the patient's signs and symptoms except which

A 2-year-old boy was playing with his toy car when his baby-sitter noticed that a small metal nut was missing from the car. Two days later the child developed a cough and became febrile. This child's illness could be explained by the following statements except which

A wife was told that her husband was suffering from cancer of the lower end of the esophagus. The physician told her that to save his life; the surgeon would have to remove the lower part of the esophagus, the stomach, the spleen, and the upper part of the duodenum. The wife could not understand why such a drastic operation was required to remove such a small tumor. The following statements explain this extensive operation except which

A 2-day-old newborn is diagnosed with transposition of the great arteries. Which structure is responsible for the division of the truncus arteriosus into the great arteries

A 3-year-old male patient presents with a clinically significant atrial septal defect (ASD). The ASD usually results from incomplete closure of which of the following structures

A premature infant has progressive difficulty in breathing and is diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome. Which cells are deficient in synthesizing surfactant in this syndrome

After a 2-day-old newborn male swallows milk he becomes cyanotic. After 3 days he develops pneumonia. A tracheoesophageal fistula is suspected. Failure of development has occurred most specifically in which of the following structures

A 45-year-old female is admitted to the hospital with difficulty in breathing. Radiographic examination reveals a tumor invading the lung surface anterior to the hilum. Which nerve is most likely compressed by the tumor to result in dyspnea

A 56-year-old male swimming coach is admitted to the hospital with dyspnea, cough, and high fever. A radiographic examination reveals lobar pneumonia (Figure). Which of the following lobes of the lung is affected as shown in the image

Postoperative examination of a 68-year-old male who underwent mitral valve replacement demonstrates significant cardiac hypertrophy (Figure). Which of the following structures would be most likely to be compressed

A 41-year-old male is admitted to the emergency department with complaints of shortness of breath, dizziness, and sharp chest pain. The large arrow in his chest radiograph indicates the region of pathology (Fig.). What is this structure

A 42-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with an inability to speak. The patient’s personal history reveals that she has experienced hoarseness for the past month. A chest radiograph reveals a mass at the aortopulmonary window. Which of the following nerves is most likely compressed

A 69-year-old male is admitted to the hospital with intense left chest pain. ECG reveals hypokinetic ventricular septal muscle, myocardial infarction in the anterior two thirds of the interventricular septum, and left anterior ventricular wall. The patient’s ECG also exhibited left bundle branch block. Which of the following arteries is most likely occluded

During cardiac catheterization of a 6-year-old child, the radiologist notes that the contrast medium released into the arch of the aorta is visible immediately in the left pulmonary artery. What is the most likely explanation for this finding

An unconscious 2-month-old infant is admitted to the emergency department after an automobile collision. An emergency tracheostomy is performed. Which of the following structures is most commonly at high risk of injury during this procedure

A 17-year-old girl is admitted to the hospital with severe dyspnea. Physical examination reveals that the patient is suffering from an asthma attack, with associated bronchospasm. Which of the following nerves is responsible for the innervation of the bronchial smooth muscle cells

A 43-year-old male hunter is admitted to emergency department after falling over a barbed wire fence, as a result of which he suffered several deep lacerations along the left midaxillary line. When the patient is examined in the outpatient clinic several days later, numbness and anhydrosis are observed anterior to the area of the cuts. Which structures were most likely damaged to result in these signs

A 3-year-old male who fell from a tree complains of severe pain over the right side of his chest because of a rib fracture at the midaxillary line. He is admitted to the hospital due to his difficulty breathing. Radiographic and physical examinations reveal atelectasis, resulting from the accumulation of blood in his pleural space and resulting hemothorax. What is the most likely the source of bleeding to cause the hemothorax

A 34-year-old male complains of hyperacusis (sensitivity to loud sounds). Injury to which of the following cranial nerves is responsible

A 45-year-old man came to the outpatient clinic after stumbling and hitting his head on a table in a restaurant. During the neurologic examination photographs were taken of the eyes of patient as shown in Figure. Which of the following nerves to the left eye was most likely injured

A 40-year-old woman presents with severe headaches and dizziness. An MRI reveals a brain tumor, and a biopsy confirms it as a melanoma. She dies 2 months later. Pigmented lesions are not seen on her skin or scalp at the time of diagnosis or during postmortem examination. Which of the following is the most likely source of the malignant melanoma cells

A 45-year-old woman states that she has experienced moderate pain for 2 years over her left lower back, pain that radiates to her left lower limb. She states that after lifting a case of soft drinks, the pain became intense. She was admitted to the emergency department. Radiographic examination revealed disk herniation between vertebral levels L4 and L5. Which of the following nerves was most likely affected by the disk herniation

In spinal anesthesia the needle is often inserted between the spinous processes of the L4 and L5 vertebrae to ensure that the spinal cord is not injured. This level is safe because in the adult the spinal cord usually terminates at the disk between which of the following vertebral levels

Examination of a 3-day-old male infant reveals protrusion of his spinal cord and meninges from a defect in the lower back. Which of the following describes this congenital anomaly

A 32-year-old mother complains of serious pain in the coccygeal area some days after giving birth. To determine whether the coccyx is involved, a local anesthetic is first injected in the region of the coccyx and then dynamic MRI studies are performed. The MRI reveals coccydynia, which confirms that her coccyx dislocates upon sitting. The local anesthetic is used to interrupt which of the following nerve pathways

The following statements concerning the interior of the lower part of the medulla are correct except:

The following statements concerning a transverse section through the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus are correct except:

The following statements concerning the cerebral aqueduct are correct except:

An 8-year-old boy was seen by a neurologist because of right-sided facial weakness and medial strabismus of the right eye. Examination also revealed slight weakness of the muscles of the left upper and lower limbs. An MRI revealed a tumor of the pons. The following facts concerning this patient are correct except:

Identify the anomaly:

Identify the central sulcus of Rolando:

Efferent fibers from basal ganglia arises from

Hydrocephalus has resulted in a patient in enlargement of one lateral ventridle. Which of the following is the most likely site of a blockage?

Your patient has lost the ability to discriminate between two points presented simultaneously to the skin of the left hand. Your neurological evaluation is most likely to reveal a lesion in the

In a section through the T10 segment of the spinal cord, which of the following will not be present

A 55-year-old overweight man was brought to the emergency room unconscious after he had collapsed while loading a truck. After he regained consciousness, an exam revealed a paresis of both right limbs with a Babinski sign on the right. The patient's tongue deviated to the left upon protrusion, and he had no vibratory sense on the right side of the body. These finds suggest

A transverse section through the brainstem contains the nucleus of Edinger Westphal. Which other structure are you most likely to see in the same section?

Your patient has a loss of general sensation and ageusia on the posterior one third of the tongue, and touching the lateral wall of the throat fails to elicit a gag reflex. The neural structure that is the most likely to have been lesioned is the

Neurons that send axons into the cerebellum in the middle cerebellar peduncle are con- trolled by which part of the brain

Your patient has a stooped posture, shuffling gait, and a tremor in the fingers at rest. Which part of the brain will show neuronal degeneration?

A patient has suffered a stroke caused by occlusion of the right anterior cerebral artery. This patient is most likely to present with

A lesion of the posterior limb of the internal capsule on the right may result in

A lawyer suffers a bad fall that results in head trauma. His motor, sensory, and language skills are intact after the incident, and he has no visual problems. In the following weeks, he begins to lose interest in his work and doesn't seem to care much about his family. The trauma most likely affected the

Which of the following structures is not derived from the diencephalon?

Which of the following cells are found in the white matter of the spinal cord

A patient presents with muscle weakness, fasciculation, and suppressed reflexes. The most likely location of the lesion is in the

Your patient has a lesion that has resulted in a loss of touch sensations in the face. The patient still feels pain and temperature sensations, and there is no jaw weakness. The neural structure most likely affected is the

Your patient is having problems self-regulating their blood pressure. The cause of the problem seems to be in the carotid sinus and carotid body. Where in the brain do the nerve fibers that innervate these receptors synapse

The quadrangular space is bounded by the following structure except which?

All of the following statements concerning the brachial plexus are correct except which:

The labourer nerve is another name for:

Structure piercing the clavipectoral facia are all except:

The boundary of the triangle of auscultation is formed by all except which:

All the muscle attached to the bicipital groove of humerus except:

The carpal tunnel contains the following structure except which?

Select incorrect statement about the supraspinatus:

Which of the following bone does not have a medullary cavity?

Function of palmar interossei are all except:

Ape thumb deformity is seen in involvement of:

The radial nerve gives off the following branches in the posterior compartment of the arm except which?

All the following statements concerning the brachial plexus are correct except which?

The boundaries of anatomical snuffbox include the following except which?

Hyperextension of the proximal phalanges of the little & ring fingers (claw hand) can result from damage to the ........ nerve.

An inabilities to oppose the thumb to the little finger can result from damage to the ...... nerve.

All the muscles are attached to coracoid process of scapula except:

The sternoclavicular joint is a:

The content of lower triangular space in scapular region is:

The muscle which initiates shoulder abduction is:

True about latissimus dorsi:

Which of the following is not a branch of the axillary artery?

What stabilises the abducted shoulder joint?

The flexor retinaculum attaches to all bones except:

All are true about median nerve except:

The cubital tunnel syndrome is because of:

The deep branch of ulnar nerve supplies all the muscles of hand except:

Continuation of medial cord of brachial plexus is:

Sternoclavicular joint is a type of:

The medial wall of axilla is formed by:

Damage to radial nerve in spiral groove spares:

The dorsum of hand is supplied by:

In palsy of Erb which is not seen:

Supination and pronation occur at which joint:

The following pairs describe the muscles producing flexion of elbow joint and their respective nerve. Choose the wrong pair:

About deep palmar arch all are true except:

The nerve of Bell is:

Abduction of wrist is done by all except:

De Quervain disease classically affects:

The defect known as winged scapula is caused by damage to a nerve that arises from which of the following structures of the brachial plexus?

The content of upper triangular space is:

The point of Erb in brachial plexus is:

Paralysis of Klumpke is due to injury to:

Which of the following is not a content of the axilla?

The ligament which transfer the weight of arm to the trunk:

Lower angle of scapula corresponds to which vertebral level?

In a vehicular accident, the musculocutaneous nerve was completely severed, but the person was able to weekly flex the elbow joint. All of the following muscles are responsible for the action. Except:

Martin-Gruber connections are:

Artery of anatomical snuff box is:

The nerve damage due to lunate dislocation is:

The content of cubital fossa are all except:

Wrist drop is caused by:

Median nerve supplies all the muscle of the thumb except:

Root value of the radial nerve is:

Nerve lying in the spiral groove of humerus is:

Which nerve is involved in carpal tunnel syndrome?

Which of the following walls of the axilla is formed by the humerus?

The floor of triangle of auscultation is formed by:

The muscle attached to the lesser tubercle of humerus:

True about branchial plexus:

True about Latissimus dorsi:

The structure which does not pass under flexor retinaculum:

The pinch grip test is for:

The dinner fork deformity is seen in:

The median nerve supplies all of the thenar muscles except:

The muscle having dual nerve supply are all except:

All are true about radial nerve except:

Ape thumb deformity is because of which muscle:

The retraction of scapula is achieved by all except:

Carpal tunnel syndrome is due to which nerve injury:

The movements of supination & pronation occurs in all of the following joints except:

The content of first extensor compartment of wrist is:

The following are true about cephalic vein except:

The cutaneous innervation of the dorsum of hand is by:

In femoral triangle most Median structure seen is:

Femoral pulsation can be best felt at:

The Medial boundary of the femoral ring is formed by:

Muscle taking origin from ischial tuberosity are all except:

In walking the hip bone of the suspended leg is raised by which of the following muscle acting on the supported side of the body?

All are possible during contraction of tensor Fasciae Lata except:

Common peroneal nerve is related to which of the following structure:

Adductor Magnus is supplied by:

Bigelow ligament is at:

Inversion and eversion occurs at:

The length of Sartorius muscle is:

Which of the following nerve innervates at least one muscle that act on both the hip and knee joint?

A femoral Hernia descends through the femoral canal and the neck of the sae lies:

Unlocking of the knee joint to permit flexion is caused by action of the:

The following statements concerning the dorsalis pedis artery are correct except which?

The femoral ring is bounded by the following structures except which?

The foot is inverted by the following muscle except which?

The vein which is used in bypass surgery:

Anterior cruciate ligament prevents:

Saphenous nerve is a branch of:

House maid knee is inflammation of:

Which of the following nerve is more commonly damaged in injury to the neck of fibula?

Pudendal nerve is related to:

A muscle known for tailor master:

Femoral hernia is more common in:

The muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg is supplied by:

Sustentaculum tali of calcaneum is located on:

Which structure does not enter the femoral sheath?

The medial boundary of femoral triangle is formed by:

The saphenous opening is situated 1.5 inch _____ pubic tubercle:

The floor of the acetabulum is non-articular called:

Oblique popliteal ligament is formed by:

Which of the muscle is partly paralyzed with the obturator nerve damage?

Greater sciatic foramen is formed by:

Iliotibial tract receives the insertion of:

The forward motion of leg  is caused by damage to which of the following ligaments:

In walking the hip bone of the suspended leg is raised by which of the following muscles acting on the supported side of the body?

The injury of the common peroneal nerve leads to:

The hamstring muscle include all except:

Which of the following does not take part in the formation of knee joint?

Which muscle acts as peripheral heart:

The sesamoid bone in the lower limb is:

It is the largest and longest bone of the body:

Clergyman bursitis is inflammation of:

All are the lateral branches of abdominal aorta except:

The right gastro-epiploic artery is a branch of:

In portal venous system, valves are present at:

The neck of pancreas is related on its posterior surface to:

Lesser Omentum has following content except:

Bruner gland is found in:

True about ureter is:

Regarding kidney, all of the following statements are true except:

True about uterus are all except:

Vaginal fornix is related to which of the following:

Uterine artery is a branch of:

In the females, the inguinal canal contains the following structures except which?

The deep inguinal ring is a defect in the:

Liver is divided in two halves by all except:

Renal angle lies between:

True about appendix:

Afferent to cremasteric reflex is:

Left testicular vein drain into:

All are contents of spermatic cord except:

Cystic artery arises from:

The external spermatic fascia arise from external oblique aponeurosis, so internal spermatic fascia arise from:

A patient comes to your clinic whom you operated for obstructed irreducible indirect left inguinal hernia one month ago. He says It has been over four weeks from the surgery and I still have much discomfort. Inside of my thigh is numb, burns or simply hurts when touched. When I move in certain ways I get a stabbing pain in that area accompanied with a sensation of being bit by a bunch of wasps (bees). Which nerve is most likely diagnosed?

Ligamentumtereshapatis is a remnant of:

External oblique arise from the outer surface of lower 8 ribs just adjacent to the origin of:

Which of these statements about the coeliac trunk is not corrected?

Which of these statements regarding Meckel diverticulum is correct?

True about stomach:

When compared with the ileum, the upper part of jejunum?

Regarding the common bile duct, one is incorrect:

Which of the following roots contribute to the sacral plexus:

The inferior mesenteric artery:

One of the following organs is not related to the visceral surface of the spleen:

All of the following veins drain into the IVC except:

The taenia coli are in the large intestine are consist of ______ bands of smooth muscles arranged in distinct stribs:

Pouches in the intestinal wall that gives the intestine a segmental appearance are called:

Which of the following regarding appendix is false:

Regarding the anal canal all of the following statements are true except:

The lymphatic drainage of the terminal portion of the GIT may flow initially into either superficial inguinal nodes or the pararectal nodes, depending upon weather the lymph is formed above or below the:

The expanded region of the lower rectum, where the fecal matter is retained, is known as the:

All are true about inguinal canal except:

All of the following structure from the stomach bed except:

Downward displacement of enlarged spleen is prevented by:

The superior suprarenal artery is a branch of:

Fascia of Gerota is:

Commonest position of appendix:

Motor supply to muscles of tongue is by:

Safety muscle of tongue is:

All of the following structures are within the parotid gland except:

False about facial muscle:

Muscle involve in congenital torticollis:

Which is a direct content of cavernous sinus?

Depressor of mandible:

The carotid canal is located in the:

A patient is unable to taste a piece of sugar placed on the anterior part of tongue. Which cranial nerve is likely to have a lesion?

Oral diaphragm is formed by:

The level of branching of common carotid artery is:

Not a branch of external carotid artery:

All are the ligament of TM joint except:

Superior oblique muscle is supplied by:

The genioglossus muscle _______ the tongue.

Blood supply to little area are all except:

Waldeyer lymphatic chain is formed by all except:

Larynx extends from:

Retraction of protected mandible is done by:

Stensons duct open at the:

Secretomotor fibres of parotid gland pass through all except:

Sensory nerve supply to angle of jaw is through:

All of the following structures are related to cavernous sinus except:

All of the following are true about diploic vein except:

The oculomotor nerve supplies the muscle of the eye except:

Which of the following nerve carries taste sensation from posterior one-third of the tongue?

Parotid duct passes through all the following structures except:

The muscle which is not supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve is:

Muscle which helps to open Eustachian tube while sneezing:

Isthmus of the thyroid gland is across tracheal ring:

Trachea bifurcates at:

Ligamentum arteriosum is derived from:

Abductor of vocal cord is:

All are the opening in middle cranial fossa except:

Name of the parotid duct:

All of the following characteristic differentiates a typical cervical vertebra from a thoracic vertebra except:

Smallest muscle in the body is:

The action of intrinsic muscle of tongue is/are:

The superior orbital fissure transmit all of the following structures except:

The floor and medial wall of cavernous sinus is formed by:

Inferior oblique is supplied by the _____ cranial nerve:

The medial branch of external carotid artery is:

The Kiesselbach area has been damaged in a  fist fight. The main artery to the area is:

Nerve carrying the taste sensation from circumvallate papillae placed on the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue is:

The stylopharyngeaus muscle is derived from:

The nerve supply of the mucosa of larynx above the vocal cord is:

The sinus of morgagni is seen:

The most characteristic feature of cervical vertebra is:

The occipital condyles articulate with which bone:

The normal curvature found in the young adult cervical vertebra column is:

The spinal nerve emerges between this part of adjacent vertebra:

The muscle receives its motor supply by two cranial nerves:

The pterygopalatine ganglion is suspended from which of the following nerve:

The vein that form a plexus in the spongy bone of skull are:

In breast, cooper ligament extends from subcutaneous tissue to:

The following statement concerning structure in the intercostal space is correct except which?

The oesophageal opening in the diaphragm lies at the level of the _______ thoracic vertebra:

All the structures are seen in transvers section at T4 vertebral level except:

Level of lower border of lung at mid-clavicular line is:

Lung abscess secondary to aspiration is most often seen in:

Muscle involved in quiet expiration:

All of the following are characteristic of a bronchopulmonary segment except:

The anterior surface of the heart is formed by the following structure except which?

Base of the heart is formed mainly by:

A drug that binds to receptor at a site distinct from the active site and alter the affinity of the receptor for the endogenous ligand is:

All of the following are false regarding prasugrel except:

MOA of apixaban is:

QT prolongation caused by:

What is the MOA of sacubitril :

A person was given a muscle relaxant that competitively blocks nicotinic receptors. Which of the following drug is used for reversal of muscle relaxation after surgery?

Anti-glaucoma drug that acts by increasing uveoscleral outlflow is:

Which of the following antiarrhythmic drug is contraindicated in a patient with interstitial lung disease?

Which of the following is a late inward sodium channel blocker?

Which of the following antihypertensive drug is avoided in patients with high serum uric acid levels?

Which of the following antimicrobials should not be given to a chronic asthmatic patient managed on theophylline therapy?

At a high altitude of 3000 m, a person complains of breathlessnes. All of the following can be used for management of this person except:

True about non-competitive inhibition is:

Theophylline causes diuresis because of

Drug acting via tyrosine kinase receptor is:

A patient on lithium therapy developed hypertension. He was started on thiazides for hypertension. After few days, he developed coarse tremors and other symptoms suggestive of lithium toxicity. Explain the likely mechanism of this interaction.

Which of the following is an example of placebo?

A patient of septic shock was given intravenous nor-epinephrine. The response to this drug is best checked by:

Which of the following instructions should be given to lactating mother regarding drug usage?

Which of the following drug can decrease the size of prostate?

A diabetic and hypertensive patient talking several drugs presented with septicaemia. Serum creatinine levels are 5.0 mg/dL. Which of the following drug should be stropped?

A 27-year-old female presented to OPD of infertility clinic. She was prescribed bromocriptine. What could be the possible reason?

A patient requires ceftriaxone 180mg. You have a 2mL syringe with 10 divisions per mL. The vial contains 500mg/5 mL of ceftriaxone. How many divisions in the 2 mL syringe will you fill to give 180 mg ceftriaxone:

All are given in post-partum hemorrhage except:

53 year old is found to be hypertensive stage 2 without any co morbidities. Which diuretic out of these will you start in this:

Which of the following is correct regarding digoxin:

Correct match in the following drugs with their antidote:

Match the following drugs with side-effects:

SGLT-2 inhibitors are recently used for type 2 diabetes mellitus. All of the following are the rare but serious side effects except:

All of the following are used to decrease IOP in glaucoma except?

Nonpulsatile dose of GNRH agonist is used in all except:

Route of administration of LMWH for prophylaxis in a patient who had undergone surgery few hours back:

Which of the following is a category X drug as per teratogenicity risk by FDA:

Which of the following antiplatelet drug is a prodrug?

Metabolism of a drug primarily results in

Which of the following drug acts as microsomal enzyme inhibitor

All of the following drugs cause hemolysis in patients with G6PD deficiency

Pharmacovigilance means

Which of the following does not cross blood brain barrier

Tekchand, a farmer comes to you in the emergency in comatose state. Patient had profuse sweating and lacrimation diarrhea and urination were apparent. On examination pupil was constricted and BP of the farmer was 80/60 mmHg. You make a diagnosis of anticholinesterase poisoning you decided to administer him atropine. All of the following actions will be reversed by atropine EXCEPT:

Which is the shortest acting mydriatic

Dopamine is preferred in treatment of shock because of

Dobutamine increases

Short elimination half-life (8-10 min) of esmolol (Beta adrenergic blocker) is due to

All of the following statements about nesiritide are true except

Which of the following is not given in acute severe digitalis toxicity

Which of the following is NOT first antihypertensive agent

Mechanism of action of sodium nitrate in cyanide poisoning

Calcium channel blockers are useful in all except

Which of the following anti-arrhythmic agents does not belong to class Ic

All are causing hypothyroidism except

Anti-diabetic effect of sulfonylureas is by reducing

Oral contraceptive failure can occur with

All are types of tocoytics except –

All statements true about carbimazole in comparison to PTU except?

Atropine is used in all except

Which antihypertensive is not safe in elderly patients because of risk of precipitation of asthma, bradycardia and heart failure:

Rate limiting step in noradrenaline synthesis is:

Drug of choice for ventricular premature beats (VPC) due to digitalis toxicity is

All of the following are indications for the use of ACE inhibitors except

The right coronary artery supplies all of the following parts of conducting system in the heart except:

If circumflex artery gives off the posterior inter ventricular artery, then the arterial supply is called:

Right common carotid artery arises from:

Which of these does not form the right border of the heart on X-ray?

The middle cardiac vein is located at the:

The mammary gland in the young adult female overlies:

The caval opening in the diaphragm lies at the level of the ______ thoracic vertebra:

Which of the following does not drain into coronary sinus?

Azygous vein drains into:

True regarding broncho pulmonary segment is:

All of the following structure passes through the superior aperture of thorax except:

The hilum of the right lung is arched by:

Pleural tapping in midaxillary line, muscle not pierced is:

Shape of tracheal cartilage:

Normal fluid level in the pericardial cavity:

The great cardiac vein is located at the:

Oesophagus commences at the following level:

The distance of gastroesophageal junction from upper incisor is:

The following events take part in the sternal angle except:

Which of the following statements concerning a typical intercostal nerve is incorrect?

True about internal thoracic (internal mammary) artery:

What travels through the diaphragm with oesophagus:

All are true regarding bronchopulmonary segment except:

True about diaphragm is:

True about mammary gland is:

SA node is supplied usually by:

Which bronchopulmonary segment is missing from left lung?

True about interatrial septum:

Triangle of Koch houses:

The most fixed part of heart is:

All are true about thoracic splanchnic nerve except:

Lower border of pleura at mid clavicular line lies at:

Superior most structure at right hilum is:

In the lungs bronchial arteries supply the bronchopulmonary tree:

All are true about trachea except:

The Sibson fascia is attached laterally to:

The oesophagus is narrowest at:

Pulmonary valve lies at:

Structures passing through diaphragm through aortic hiatus are all except:

Lower limit of the left crus of diaphragm:

True about of aorta are all of the following except:

All are the attachment on first rib except:

The false ribs are:

The sensory supply of the peripheral part of diaphragm is:

The structures passing posterior to diaphragm are all except:

Superior intercostal artery is a branch of:

Left superior intercostal vein drains into:

The arch of aorta lies in the ____ mediastinum:

Oesophagus begins at which level?

All are true about thoracic duct except:

SVC opens into right atrium at the level of:

Which of the following is not a tributary of Azygous vein?

The right costo-phrenic line extends upto the level of which rib in the mid-axillary line?

The pulmonary segments in middle lobe of right lung are:

The upper most structure seen at the hilum of the left lung is:

The hyaline cartilage of respiratory tree extends up to:

Fibrous pericardium is attached to:

The boundary of Koch triangle is formed by all except:

The AV node lies at:

All of the following openings in the right atrium are guarded valve except:

The base of heart is formed by:

Which of the following structures constitute part of ventricle of heart:

Direct opening in the right atrium with:

Which of the following accompanies the anterior interventricular artery?

All are true about intercostal space except:

All are the structures are seen in transvers section at T5 vertebral level except:

The lung abscess secondary to aspiration is most often seen in which bronchopulmonary segment:

All of the following structures pass through the oesophageal opening of diaphragm except:

The structures pass through the superior aperture of thorax are all except:

The uppermost structure in right lung hilum:

The Nerve supply of mediastinal pleura is:

The content of middle mediastinum are all except:

The level of lower border of lung at mid-clavicular line is:

The pulmonary segments in lingula of left lung are:

The sternocostal surface of heart is not contributed by:

The posterior surface of heart is formed mainly by:

All are true about right atrium except:

The thickest wall of heart is:

The SA node is situated at:

All of the following are true about thoracic sympathetic trunk except:

All the veins open in to coronary sinus except:

True about Sibson fascia is:

The length of adult trachea is:

All are true about thoracic duct except:

Solutions A and B are separated by a membrane that is permeable to urea. Solution A is 10 mM urea, and solution B is 5 mM urea. If the concentration of urea in solution A is doubled, the flux of urea across the membrane will

Which of the following transport processes is involved if transport of glucose from the intestinal lumen into a small intestinal cell is inhibited by abolishing the usual Na+ gradient across the cell membrane?

A new drug is developed that blocks the transporter for H+ secretion in gastric parietal cells. Which of the following transport processes is being inhibited?

A young man was found after wandering the Sahara desert for several hours under a hot sun with no source of drinking water. Which of the following solutions given intravenously would best return the individual intracellular volume toward normal

A 60-kg patient has a hematocrit reading of 40 and a plasma volume of 3 liters. What is his total blood volume?

A 14-year-old adolescent girl reports blood in her urine 2 weeks after she had a sore throat. She has uremia and a blood pressure of 160/90 mm Hg with peripheral edema, suggestive of volume expansion secondary to salt and water retention. Which of the following is the approximate extracellular fluid volume of a normal individual?

Which of the following characteristics of a biological membrane is most influenced by its cholesterol content?

A 42-year-old man with myasthenia gravis notes increased muscle strength when he is treated with an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. The basis for his improvement is increased

A newly developed local anesthetic blocks Na+ channels in nerves. Which of the following effects on the action potential would it be expected to produce

Which of the following temporal sequences is correct for excitation– contraction coupling in skeletal muscle

A 56-year-old woman with severe muscle weakness is hospitalized. The only abnormality in her laboratory values is an elevated serum K+ concentration. The elevated serum K+ causes muscle weakness because

In contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle, which of the following events occurs after binding of Ca2+ to calmodulin?

A newly discovered toxin incapacitated skeletal muscle by preventing the binding of ATP to the myosin cross-bridges. Which of the following would be expected in the affected muscle

You are charged with the responsibility of developing a new drug to treat muscle spasticity following spinal cord injury. Which of the following characteristics would be most useful in treating this condition

A key difference in the mechanism of excitation–contraction coupling between the muscle of the pharynx and the muscle of the wall of the small intestine is that

Malignant hyperthermia is a potentially fatal genetic disorder characterized by a hyperresponsiveness to inhaled anesthetics and results in elevated body temperature, skeletal muscle rigidity, and lactic acidosis. Which of the following molecular changes could account for these clinical manifestations?

The delayed onset and prolonged duration of smooth muscle contraction, as well as the greater force generated by smooth muscle compared with skeletal muscle, are all consequences of which of the following

A 17-year-old soccer player suffered a fracture to the left tibia. After her lower leg has been in a cast for 8 weeks, she is surprised to find that the left gastrocnemius muscle is significantly smaller in circumference than it was before the fracture. What is the most likely explanation?

You are charged with the development of a new drug, which increased the absolute refractory period of the ventricular muscle. Which of the following left ventricular characteristics of this drug would most likely produce the desired effect?

A 2-day-old infant starts having brief tonic–clonic seizures throughout the day. His neurological function in between seizures is normal, and he has no other medical or neurological problems. The history reveals no readily apparent causes for the seizures, though the mother recalled that her first baby also developed seizures shortly after birth that only lasted for 2 weeks, with no subsequent episodes or developmental problems. Genetic analysis revealed a mutation of voltage-gated K+ channels consistent with a diagnosis of benign familial neonatal seizures. Which of the following would cause an immediate reduction in the amount of potassium leaking out of a cell

A 5-year-old boy presents with abnormal running, jumping, and hopping. His parents have observed that he uses his arms to climb up his legs when rising from the floor. The pediatrician suspects Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and electromyography confirms a myopathy. The amount of force produced by a skeletal muscle can be increased by which of the following

During a demonstration for medical students, a neurologist uses magnetic cortical stimulation to trigger firing of the ulnar nerve in a volunteer. At relatively low-amplitude stimulation, action potentials are recorded only from muscle fibers in the index finger. As the amplitude of the stimulation is increased, action potentials are recorded from muscle fibers in both the index finger and the biceps muscle. What is the fundamental principle underlying this amplitude-dependent response

The delayed onset and prolonged duration of smooth muscle contraction, as well as the greater force generated by smooth muscle compared with skeletal muscle, are all consequences of which of the following

A 18-year-old soccer player suffered a fracture to the left tibia. After her lower leg has been in a cast for 8 weeks, she is surprised to find that the left gastrocnemius muscle is significantly smaller in circumference than it was before the fracture. What is the most likely explanation

A 53-year-old woman is found, by arteriography, to have 50% narrowing of her left renal artery. What is the expected change in blood flow through the stenotic artery?

When a person moves from a supine position to a standing position, which of the following compensatory changes occurs?

A person electrocardiogram (ECG) has no P wave, but has a normal QRS complex and a normal T wave. Therefore, his pacemaker is located in the

A 30-year-old female patient electrocardiogram (ECG) shows two P waves preceding each QRS complex. The interpretation of this pattern is

The following measurements were obtained in a male patient:

Central venous pressure: 10 mm Hg

Heart rate: 70 beats/min

Systemic arterial [O2] = 0.24 mL O2/mL

Mixed venous [O2] = 0.16 mL O2/mL

Whole body O2 consumption: 500 mL/min

What is this cardiac output of patient?

Which of the following is the result of an inward Na+ current?

A healthy 35-year-old man is running a marathon. During the run, there is a increase in his splanchnic vascular resistance. Which receptor is responsible for the increased resistance?

A 72-year-old woman, who is being treated with propranolol, finds that she cannot maintain her previous exercise routine. Her physician explains that the drug has reduced her cardiac output. Blockade of which receptor is responsible for the decrease in cardiac output?

A 24-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with severe diarrhea. When she is supine (lying down), her blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg (decreased) and her heart rate is 100 beats/min (increased). When she is moved to a standing position, her heart rate further increases to 120 beats/min. Which of the following accounts for the further increase in heart rate upon standing?

A hospitalized patient has an ejection fraction of 0.4, a heart rate of 95 beats/min, and a cardiac output of 3.5 L/min. What is the end-diastolic volume of patient?

A 17-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department after being injured in an automobile accident and sustaining significant blood loss. He is given a transfusion of 3 units of blood to stabilize his blood pressure. Before the transfusion, which of the following was true about his condition?

A patient electrocardiogram (ECG) shows periodic QRS complexes that are not preceded by P waves and that have a bizarre shape. These QRS complexes originated in the

An 80-year-old man had an EKG taken at his local office of doctor, and the diagnosis was atrial fibrillation. Which of the following statements are likely conditions in someone with atrial fibrillation

A 75-year-old man goes to the hospital emergency department and faints. Five minutes later he is alert. An EKG shows 75 P waves per minute and 35 QRS waves per minute with a normal QRS width. Which of the following is the likely diagnosis

An 80-year-old man reports increasing dyspnea, which worsens with exertion. The cardiologist orders an echocardiogram, brain natriuretic peptide, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) to evaluate possible congestive heart failure. Which of the following is most likely with ANP

A 55-year-old man has been diagnosed with Stokes-Adams syndrome. Two minutes after the syndrome starts to cause active blockade of the cardiac impulse, which of the following is the pacemaker of the heart

A 72-year-old man had surgery to remove an abdominal tumor. Pathohistologic studies reveal that the tumor mass contains a large number of blood vessels. An increase in which of the following is the most likely stimulus for the growth of vessels in a solid tumor

A balloon catheter is advanced from the superior vena cava into the heart and inflated to increase atrial pressure by 5 mm Hg. An increase in which of the following would be expected to occur in response to the elevated atrial pressure?

A healthy 22-year-old female medical student has an exercise stress test at a local health club. An increase in which of the following is most likely to occur in this woman skeletal muscles during exercise?

A 65-year-old man is suffering from congestive heart failure. He has a cardiac output of 4 L/min, arterial pressure of 115/85 mm Hg, and a heart rate of 90 beats/min. Further tests by a cardiologist reveal that the patient has a right atrial pressure of 10 mm Hg. An increase in which of the following would be expected in this patient?

An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor is administered to a 65-year-old man with a 20-year history of hypertension. The drug lowers arterial pressure and increases plasma levels of renin and bradykinin. Which of the following would best explain the elevation in plasma bradykinin?

During mild exertion, a 70-year-old man experiences an ischemia-induced myocardial infarction and dies from ventricular fibrillation. In this patient, what factor was most likely to increase the tendency of the heart to fibrillate after the infarction

A 70-year-old man with a weight of 100 kg and a blood pressure of 160/90 has been told by his doctor that he has angina pain caused by myocardial ischemia. Which of the following treatments would be beneficial to this man

A 60-year-old man had a heart attack 2 days ago, and his blood pressure has continued to decrease. He is now in cardiogenic shock. Which of the following therapies is most beneficial?

If a 21-year-old male patient has a cardiac reserve of 300 percent and a maximum cardiac output of 16L/min, what is his resting cardiac output?

A 29-year-old male patient has been diagnosed with a heart murmur. The mean QRS axis of his EKG is 165 degree. The arterial blood oxygen content is normal. Which of the following is the likely diagnosis

Which of the following conditions often occurs in compensated hemorrhagic shock? Assume systolic pressure is 48 mm Hg.

If a patient undergoing spinal anaesthesia experiences a large decrease in arterial pressure and goes into shock, which of the following would be the therapy of choice?

A 10-year-old girl in the hospital had an intestinal obstruction and arterial pressure decreased to 70/40. Heart rate is 120 and the respiratory rate is 30/min. Which of the following therapies would the physician recommend

A 32-year-old male was found to have an enlarged right atrium. All other chambers were of normal dimensions. This would be best explained by

A 50-year-old man has a blood pressure of 140/85 and weighs 100 kg. He reports that he is not feeling well, his EKG has no P-waves, he has a heart rate of 46, and the QRS complexes occur regularly. What is his likely condition?

A 60-year-old woman has been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. Which of the following statements best describe this condition?

A balloon catheter is advanced from the superior vena cava into the heart and inflated to increase atrial pressure by 5 mm Hg. An increase in which of the following would be expected to occur in response to the elevated atrial pressure?

A 70-year-old man with a weight of 100 kg and a blood pressure of 160/90 has been told by his doctor that he has angina pain caused by myocardial ischemia. Which of the following treatments would be beneficial to this man?

A 66-year-old man, who has had a sympathectomy, experiences a greater than-normal fall in arterial pressure upon standing up. The explanation for this occurrence is

All are true regarding SA node except

Spuriously high BP is seen in all except

Cardiac output is determined by all except

During exercise, blood supply in splanchnic area is decreased due to

Adequacy of replacement of fluid in case of shock is best assessed by

Local control of blood flow is seen in all of the following except

Parasympathetic stimulation would decrease the following except

The basis of Korotkoff sounds is due to

Not true for jugular venous pulse pressure

Which one structural feature is common to all blood capillaries

Carotid baroreceptor is most sensitive to

In cerebral ischemia, systemic blood pressure rise due to

Before antibiotic therapy is initiated, the patient is given aspirin to reduce his fever. The mechanism of fever reduction by aspirin is

A man suffers from a disease that destroyed only the motor neurons of the spinal cord below the thoracic region. Which aspect of sexual function would not be possible?

Vibratory sensation is dependent on the detection of rapidly changing, repetitive sensations. The high-frequency end of the repetitive stimulation scale is detected by which of the following?

Horner syndrome occurs when sympathetic nerve fibers to the eye are interrupted, leading to which of the following symptoms on the affected side of the face?

Area of Broca is a specialized portion of motor cortex. Which of the following conditions best describes the deficit resulting from damage to area of Broca?

A 72-year-old man visits his physician because he finds it difficult to hold his hand steady when painting. Examination reveals a resting tremor and rigidity. The symptoms are relieved by a single dose of levodopa. This neurological signs of patient are most likely related to a lesion within which of the following?

A person who has had a traumatic brain injury seems to be able to understand the written and spoken word but cannot create the correct sounds to be able to speak a word that is recognizable. This person most likely has damage to which area of the brain

All are properties of spinal cord reflex except

In man, the least useful physiological response to low environmental temperature is

In Fight or Flight reaction, increase in local blood flow is caused by

The EEG waves are called

Frequency of alpha waves in EEG is

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential is due to

Arousal response is mediated by

Synaptic potential can be recorded by

Increased gamma-efferent discharge is seen in all except

Person with eyes closed and mind wandering will show in EEG

A 41-year-old woman has hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and decreased urinary phosphate excretion. Injection of parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes an increase in urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The most likely diagnosis is

A 38-year-old man who has galactorrhea is found to have a prolactinoma. His physician treats him with bromocriptine, which eliminates the galactorrhea. The basis for the therapeutic action of bromocriptine is that it

Which of the following explains the suppression of lactation during pregnancy?

A 46-year-old woman has hirsutism, hyperglycemia, obesity, muscle wasting, and increased circulating levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The most likely cause of her symptoms is

A 61-year-old woman with hyperthyroidism is treated with propylthiouracil. The drug reduces the synthesis of thyroid hormones because it inhibits oxidation of

A 39-year-old man with untreated diabetes mellitus type I is brought to the emergency room. An injection of insulin would be expected to cause an increase in his

A 30-year-old woman has the anterior lobe of her pituitary gland surgically removed because of a tumor. Without hormone replacement therapy, which of the following would occur after the operation?

Which of the following is the first step in the biosynthetic pathway for thyroid hormones that is inhibited by propylthiouracil?

A 36-old-woman with galactorrhea is treated with bromocriptine. The basis for bromocriptine action is by acting as an agonist for

A 49-year-old male patient with AIDS and declining CD4 counts has an increased frequency of systemic infections and develops sick euthyroid syndrome. Which of the following would be expected with normal thyroid function

Following neck surgery, a patient develops circumoral paresthesia and a long QT interval on the electrocardiogram consistent with hypocalcemia resulting from injury to the parathyroid glands. Which of the following best describes parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A 39-year-old man with an enlarged head, hands, and feet; osteoarthritic vertebral changes; and hirsutism presents with a complaint of gynecomastia and lactation. The patient is most likely suffering from a tumor in which of the following locations?

A 28-year-old woman presents with complaints of vision changes, frequent pressure-like headaches, polyuria, and polydipsia. An MRI of the brain showed a tumor at the posterior pituitary stalk. Which hormone abnormality would be expected

A 22-year-old woman presents with a recurrent vaginal candidiasis that is refractory to nystatin treatment. Diabetes screening shows elevated fasting blood glucose, and the patient is started on 25 U of insulin per day. Which aspect of glucose transport is enhanced by insulin?

A 15-year-old girl presents with loss of the outer one-third of her eyebrows. Physical examination demonstrates slight enlargement of the thyroid gland and delayed relaxation phase of deep tendon reflexes. Blood work shows an elevation in creatine phosphokinase and TSH. Thyroid hormone therapy is ordered. Physiologically active thyroxine exists in which of the following forms

A 20-year-old man presents with increasing daytime somnolence. A 24-hour sleep study showing a sudden onset of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without previous slow-wave sleep confirms a diagnosis of narcolepsy. REM sleep decreases the secretion of growth hormone. The physiological secretion of growth hormone is increased by which of the following

A 47-year-old woman with an anterior pituitary tumor presents with poor wound healing and hypertension. The endogenous secretion of ACTH is correctly described in which of the following statements?

An abdominal computed tomography (CT) in a 50-year-old patient with Conn syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism) shows multiple small adrenocortical masses. Which of the following clinical findings are most likely present

A 36-year-old male computer programmer works for a company that has just been acquired in a corporate takeover. He experiences symptoms of tachycardia, palpitations, and an irregular heartbeat, particularly at night. His plasma catecholamine levels are found to be increased, which may result from which of the following

A 34-year-old patient with chronic asthma is started glucocorticoid therapy. The treatment may result in bone loss because glucocorticoids do which of the following?

A 46-year-old woman on lithium therapy for her bipolar disorder presents with complaints of weakness, arthralgia, and constipation. Blood work reveals hypercholesterolemia, increased levels of TSH, and decreased free T4 levels. Which of the following is also likely to be associated with her hypothyroid state

A 37-year-old woman presents with exophthalmus and an enlarged thyroid gland. The levels of free thyroxine in her blood are elevated. Other clinical findings of Graves disease include which of the following

A 75-year-old woman with primary hyperparathyroidism presents at her physician’s office with dehydration and malaise. Which of the following plasma levels are most likely to be decreased

If a radioimmunoassay is properly conducted and the amount of radioactive hormone bound to antibody is low, this would indicate which of the following?

A patient has an elevated plasma thyroxine (T4) concentration, a low plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration, and a thyroid gland that is smaller than normal. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these findings?

A 40-year-old woman comes to the emergency room with a fracture in the neck of the femur. Radiographs reveal generalized demineralization of the bone in the area. Her plasma calcium ion concentration is significantly greater than normal: 12.2 mg/dL. Which of the following conditions is consistent with this presentation

A man eats a low carbohydrate meal rich in proteins containing the amino acids that stimulate insulin secretion. Which of the following responses accounts for the absence of hypoglycemia

A 55-year-old man has developed the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion due to carcinoma of the lung. Which of the following physiological responses would be expected

A 40-year-old woman is placed on a high-potassium diet for several weeks. Which of the following hormonal changes is most likely to occur

A 30-year-old woman reports to the clinic for a routine physical examination. The examination reveals that she is pregnant. Plasma levels of TSH are high but total T4 concentration (protein bound and free) is normal. Which of the following best reflects this patient clinical state?

A 43-year-old man develops a brain tumor that impinges on the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus. As a result, the secretion of which of the following hormones is affected

A 39-year-old man with an enlarged head, hands, and feet; osteoarthritic vertebral changes; and hirsutism presents with a complaint of gynecomastia and lactation. The patient is most likely suffering from a tumor in which of the following locations

A 41-year-old woman has hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and decreased urinary phosphate excretion. Injection of parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes an increase in urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The most likely diagnosis is

A 59-year-old woman has osteoporosis, hypertension, hirsutism, and hyperpigmentation. Magnetic resonance imaging indicates that the pituitary gland is not enlarged. Which of the following conditions is most consistent with these findings

A 49-year-old male patient with severe Crohn disease has been unresponsive to drug therapy and undergoes ileal resection. After the surgery, he will have steatorrhea because

A 24-year-old male graduate student participates in a clinical research study on intestinal motility. Peristalsis of the small intestine

A 38-year-old male patient with a duodenal ulcer is treated successfully with the drug cimetidine. The basis for cimetidine's inhibition of gastric H+ secretion is that it

A 44-year-old woman is diagnosed with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Which of the following findings is consistent with the diagnosis?

A 40-year-old woman has an arterial pH of 7.25, an arterial Pco2 of 30 mm Hg, and serum [K+] of 2.8 mEq/L. Her blood pressure is 100/80 mm Hg when supine and 80/50 mm Hg when standing. What is the cause of her abnormal blood values?

Which of the following hormones is released by the presence of fat and protein in the small intestine and has a major effect to decrease gastric emptying?

A 65-year-old man has a 25-year history of alcoholism and liver disease. He visits his physician because of swelling in his legs. A decrease in which of the following is likely to contribute to the development of edema in his legs

A 48-year-old woman with advanced breast cancer presents with severe nausea, vomiting, and dehydration. She is not undergoing chemo-therapy currently. Laboratory findings reveal elevated serum-ionized calcium. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels are undetectable, but there is an increase in PTH-related peptide PTHrP. The increased flow of calcium into the cell is an important component of the upstroke phase of the action potential in which of the following

A 37-year-old man with AIDS presents with a fever, anorexia, weight loss, and GI bleeding. Physical examination reveals a palpable abdominal mass. Endoscopy and biopsy reveal a proximal small-bowel malignancy requiring surgical resection. Removal of proximal segments of the small intestine would most likely result in a decrease in which of the following

A 35-year-old male smoker presents with burning epigastric pain that is most pronounced on an empty stomach. In addition to peptic ulcer disease and gastric acid hypersecretion, the patient has a paroxysmal rise in serum gastrin in response to intravenous (IV) secretin. Normally, basal acid output is increased by which of the following

A 40-year-old woman visits the clinic complaining of fatigue. She had recently been treated for an infection. Her laboratory values are RBC 1.8 × 106/μl, Hb 5.2 g/dL, hematocrit (Hct) 15, WBC 7.6 × 103/μl, platelet count 320,000/μl, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 92 fL, and reticulocyte count 24 percent. What is the most likely explanation for this presentation?

A neonate develops a jaundice condition with a bilirubin concentration of 10 mg/dL on day 2 (normal is 3 mg/dL at 2 days old). The neonatologist can be confident that the condition is not erythroblastosis fetalis if which of the following is true

Red blood cells, originally equilibrated in isotonic saline, are suspended in a solution containing 250 mOsm/L of sodium chloride in water. Ignoring transient changes, intracellular red cell volume will

A 62-year-old female arrives for her annual physical. She complains of itching in her hands along with headaches and vertigo. A routine complete blood count (CBC) shows red blood cells (RBCs) of 8.2 million/μl, white blood cells (WBCs) 37,000/μl, and platelets 640,000/μl. Her erythropoietin levels are lower than normal. The primary diagnosis would be

A 65-year-old alcoholic developed chest pain and cough with an expectoration of sputum. A blood sample revealed that his white blood cell count was 42,000/μl. What is the origin of these WBCs

A mother of blood type A+ who has always been perfectly healthy just delivered her second child. The father is of blood group O−. Knowing that the child is of blood group O− (O, Rh−), what would you expect to find in this child?

A 52-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with severe chest pain. Angiography demonstrates a severe coronary occlusion. A thrombolytic agent is administered to reestablish perfusion. Which of the following does the thrombolytic agent activate

A teenaged boy with numerous nosebleeds was referred to a physician for evaluation prior to a minor surgery. His prothrombin time (PT) was 11 sec (11–15 sec normal), partial thromboplastin time (PTT) was 58 sec (25–40 sec normal), and bleeding time was 6.5 min (2–7 min normal). Which of the following is most likely abnormal in this young man?

Following a blood donation, red cell production begins to increase in

Adhesion of white blood cells to the endothelium is

A 45-year-old man presents to the emergency room with a 2-week history of diarrhea that has gotten progressively worse over the last several days. He has minimal urine output and is admitted to the hospital for dehydration. His stool specimen is positive for parasitic eggs. Which type of WBCs would have an elevated number?

A 62-year-old man complains of headaches, visual difficulties, and chest pains. His examination shows a red complexion and a large spleen. His complete blood count follows: hematocrit, 58 percent, WBC 13,300/μl, and platelets 600,000/μl. His arterial oxygen saturation is 97 percent on room air. Which of the following would you recommend as a treatment?

A 65-year-old alcoholic developed chest pain and cough with an expectoration of sputum. A blood sample revealed that his white blood cell count was 42,000/μl. What is the origin of these WBCs?

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an important molecule in the immune response. What is the function of IL-2

What occurs following activation of basophils

Which of the following would best explain a prolonged bleeding time test?

Which of the following would be appropriate therapy for massive pulmonary embolism?

Which of the following transfusions will result in an immediate transfusion reaction?

An infant born prematurely in gestational week 25 has neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Which of the following would be expected in this infant?

A 12-year-old boy has a severe asthmatic attack with wheezing. He experiences rapid breathing and becomes cyanotic. His arterial Po2 is 60 mm Hg and his Pco2 is 30 mm Hg. Which of the following statements about this patient is most likely to be true?

A 35-year-old man has a vital capacity (VC) of 5 L, a tidal volume (Vt) of 0.5 L, an inspiratory capacity of 3.5 L, and a functional residual capacity (FRC) of 2.5 L. What is his expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A 49-year-old man has a pulmonary embolism that completely blocks blood flow to his left lung. As a result, which of the following will occur?

A healthy 65-year-old man with a tidal volume (Vt) of 0.45 L has a breathing frequency of 16 breaths/min. His arterial Pco2 is 41 mm Hg, and the Pco2 of his expired air is 35 mm Hg. What is his alveolar ventilation?

A 42-year-old woman with severe pulmonary fibrosis is evaluated by her physician and has the following arterial blood gases: pH = 7.48, PaO2 = 55 mm Hg, and PaCO2 = 32 mm Hg. Which statement best explains the observed value of PaCO2?

A person with a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) defect has hypoxemia and is treated with supplemental O2. The supplemental O2 will be most helpful if the person predominant V/Q defect is

The diffusing capacity of a gas is the volume of gas that will diffuse through a membrane each minute for a pressure difference of 1 mm Hg. Which of the following gases is often used to estimate the oxygen diffusing capacity of the lungs?

A 64-year-old patient with COPD develops jugular venous distention, ascites, and peripheral edema. A chest X-ray reveals cardiomegaly with marked enlargement of the right ventricle. A decrease in which of the following variables is the major cause of cor pulmonale in COPD

A 35-year-old man has a vital capacity (VC) of 5 L, a tidal volume (TV) of 0.5 L, an inspiratory capacity of 3.5 L, and a functional residual capacity (FRC) of 2.5 L. What is his expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A 12-year-old boy has a severe asthmatic attack with wheezing. He experiences rapid breathing and becomes cyanotic. His arterial Po2 is 60 mm Hg and his Pco2 is 30 mm Hg. Which of the following statements about this patient is most likely to be true

When respiratory drive for increased pulmonary ventilation becomes greater than normal, a special set of respiratory neurons that are inactive during normal quiet breathing then becomes active, contributing to the respiratory drive. These neurons are located in which of the following structures

When oxygen moves through the thin side of the blood-gas barrier from the alveolar gas to the hemoglobin of the red blood cell, it passes the following layers in order

In sportsman, the smoking of tobacco causes which of the following effects on the respiratory system

Out of the following which one is the most important stimulus controlling the resting ventilation

Pulmonary function changes seen in emphysema are

A person has normal lung compliance and increased airway resistance. The most economical way of breathing for him is

Mouth to mouth respiration provides an O2 concentration of

Decompression sickness occurs due to

J receptors are present in

Myoglobin binds with

A 45-year-old woman develops severe diarrhea while on vacation. She has the following arterial blood values: pH = 7.25, Pco2 = 24 mm Hg, [HCO3-] = 10 mEq/L. Venous blood samples show decreased blood [K+] and a normal anion gap. The correct diagnosis for this patient is

Use the values below to answer the following question. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure =47 mm Hg Bowman space hydrostatic pressure =10 mm Hg Bowman space oncotic pressure = 0 mm Hg. At what value of glomerular capillary oncotic pressure would glomerular filtration stop?

A 58-year-old man is given a glucose tolerance test. In the test, the plasma glucose concentration is increased and glucose reabsorption and excretion are measured. When the plasma glucose concentration is higher than occurs at transport maximum (Tm), the

Which of the following would best distinguish an otherwise healthy person with severe water deprivation from a person with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?

A man presents with hypertension and hypokalemia. Measurement of his arterial blood gases reveals a pH of 7.5 and a calculated HCO3− of 32 mEq/L. His serum cortisol and urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) are normal, his serum aldosterone is increased, and his plasma renin activity is decreased. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his hypertension?

A 53-year-old man with multiple myeloma is hospitalized after 2 days of polyuria, polydipsia, and increasing confusion. Laboratory tests show an elevated serum [Ca2+] of 15 mg/dL, and treatment is initiated to decrease it. The patient’s serum osmolarity is 310 mOsm/L. The most likely reason for polyuria in this man is

A 37-year-old woman suffers a severe head injury in a skiing accident. Shortly thereafter, she becomes polydipsic and polyuric. Her urine osmolarity is 75 mOsm/L, and her serum osmolarity is 305 mOsm/L. Treatment with 1-deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP) causes an increase in her urine osmolarity to 450 mOsm/L. Which diagnosis is correct?

A 54-year-old man with a lung tumor has high circulating levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), a serum osmolarity of 260 mOsm/L, and a negative free-water clearance . Which diagnosis is correct?

A patient with uncontrolled hypertension is placed on a new diuretic targeted to act on the Na+ reabsorption site from the basolateral surface of the renal epithelial cells. Which of the following transport processes is the new drug affecting?

An 85-year-old woman presents with a fever and hypovolemic hypotension. To assess her renal function, the filtration fraction is determined using a freely filterable substance that is neither reabsorbed nor secreted. The infusate yields a renal artery concentration of 12 mg/mL and a renal vein concentration of 9 mg/mL. Which of the following is her filtration fraction?

A 54-year-old man with small cell lung cancer presents with lethargy, confusion, and muscle cramps. Blood work shows an increase in plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). In patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), which of the following will increase

A 52-year-old man presents to his internist for a 6-month checkup following diuretic therapy and recommended diet changes for his essential hypertension. His blood pressure is 145/95 mm Hg and serum aldosterone levels are increased. Aldosterone secretion is increased when there is a decrease in the plasma concentration of which of the following?

A 92-year-old man presents with dehydration following 4 days of persistent diarrhea. Under this circumstance, hypotonic fluid would be expected in which of the following

A 48-year-old woman complains of severe polyuria (producing about 0.5 L of urine each hour) and polydipsia (drinking two to three glasses of water every hour). Her urine contains no glucose, and she is placed on overnight water restriction for further evaluation. The next morning, she is weak and confused, her sodium concentration is 160 mEq/L, and her urine osmolarity is 80 mOsm/L. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A healthy 29-year-old man runs a 10-km race on a hot day and becomes very dehydrated. Assuming that his antidiuretic hormone levels are very high, in which part of the renal tubule is the most water reabsorbed?

An 83-year-old woman with sepsis develops multiorgan failure. Based on her blood urea nitrogen of >100 mg/dL, she is placed on continuous venovenous hemodialysis. Which of the following factors will increase the diffusive clearance of solutes across the semipermeable dialysis membrane

A 78-year-old woman recovering from a stroke is observed to have altered mental status. She is taken from the nursing home to the emergency department, where physical examination shows signs of dehydration and laboratory test results show a blood glucose concentration of 600 mg/dL and plasma osmolarity of 340 mOsm/L. Which of the following physiological variables is likely increased in this patient

A 58-year-old man is given a glucose tolerance test. In the test, the plasma glucose concentration is increased and glucose reabsorption and excretion are measured. When the plasma glucose concentration is higher than occurs at transport maximum (Tm), the

The clinical laboratory returned the following values for arterial blood taken from a patient: plasma pH = 7.28, plasma HCO3− = 32 mEq/L, and plasma Pco2 = 70 mm Hg. What is this patient’s acid–base disorder

Tubuloglomerular feedback is mediated by

All of the following increase renin secretion except

True regarding nephron function

The urge for micturition is felt when the bladder is filled with

Which of the following does not protect body surfaces:

A polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN):

Complement component C3 is cleaved by:

Which of the following is true about C3b:

Interferons:

Plasma cells is:

Identify the structure A shown in picture

B-cells and T-cells are two types of cells involved in ____

Which of the following immunoglobulins is responsible for most allergic and hypersensitivity reactions?

The presence of IgM indicates

Immunological unresponsiveness to self-antigens is called:

Identify the cell, shown in picture

Antigen antibody precipitation is maximally seen in which of the following?

A positive tuberculin test is an example of

All of the following are example of peripheral or secondary lymphoid organ, except:

A 32 years old male suffering from gunshot injury in his thigh then after few days of this blackening of skin on thigh noted (shown in picture). What is the diagnosis?

A young male patient presented to OPD with urethral discharge. On urine examination pus cells were found but no organism. Which method would be the best for culture

Group A streptococci is best diagnosed by

A girl from shimla presented to OPD with fever, hypotension, malaise and axillary and inguinal lymphadenopathy. Culture in glucose broth shows stalactite growth. Most  likely causative organism is

Culture of lepra bacilli done in

Which bacteria acts by inhibiting protein synthesis

A diabetic patient developed cellulitis due to S. aureus, which was found to be methicillin resistant on the antibiotic sensitivity testing. Which of the following antibiotics will be drug of choice

Which of the following Gram positive organism is most common cause of UTI among sexually active women

A patient of rheumatic heart disease developed infective endocarditis after dental extraction. Most likely organism causing this is

Which component of Strep. pyogens has cross reactivity with synovium of human

Risk of pneumococcal meningitis is maximum in

Conjugate polysaccharide vaccine are available for the prevention of invasive disease caused by all of the following bacteria except

Which of the following is true regarding N. meningitidis infection

All are true about N. gonorrhoea except

Gonococcus ferments

Meningococci differ from gonococci in that they

Nagler reaction is shown by

Swarming growth is seen in which Gram positive bacilli

True about cholera bacilli is

True about Corynebacterium diphtheriae are all except

A child with fever and pharyngitis which of the following investigation should not be done

A patient comes with h/o unresponsive fever and cough. X-ray revealed pneumonia. Sputum examination showed Gram positive, partially acid fast bacteria with branching filaments that grows on blood agar. The most likely etiologic agents is

A 28 year old lady presented with headache, kernigs sign positive, culture showed Gram positive bacilli, most probable organism is

Collection of urine sample of a patient of TB kidney is done

Mycobacteria can be diagnosed on microscopy when counts are

A 20yr old man presented with hemorrhagic colitis. The stool sample grow E.coli in pure culture. The following serotype of E.coli is likely to be the causative agent

With reference to infection with E. coli the following are true except

A 24 year cook in a hostel is suffering from enteric fever 2 year back. The chronic carrier state in patient is diagnosed by

Maximum urease is produced by

All of the following are serotype of V. cholera except

All are true about T. pallidium except

Atypical pneumonia can be caused by all except

All are true about brucella except

8 years old boy suffering from pharyngitis having pseudomembrane over post. Pharyngeal wall. Throat swab is taken for identification of bacteria. A staining is done form swab then identify the method of staining (as per picture)

5 years old boy is suffering from meningitis, CSF sample is sent to laboratory for culture (shown in picture). What is the infective agent?

Malta fever is also called as:

All are true about Coxiella burnetii, except:

Positive tunica reaction is produced by all, except:

All of the following are true except:

Which is not a property of Mycoplasma?

Weil disease is caused by:

Mercury drop appearance colony of B. pertussis is seen on which of the following culture media?

Drugs used in Pseudomonas treatment:

Sereny test is used for the diagnosis of

A 9 years old school going boy suffering from infection of larynx. A swab is taken from throat and shows Chinese letter arrangement of bacteria on gram stain. Which of the following is a causative agent

Passive immunization done for

J chain is/are present in

A bacteria is obtained from cow and that is grow on glatin stab, on gelatin stab it shows inverted fir tree appearance then the organism is

All of the following are true about montaux test except

All of the following are true about antibodies, EXCEPT which one?

A 16-year-old, seemingly normal female is diagnosed with androgen insensitivity disorder. She has never had a menstrual cycle and is found to have a blind-ending vagina; no uterus, cervix, or ovaries; a 46 XY genotype; and intra-abdominal testes. Her serum testosterone is elevated. Which of the following characteristics is caused by lack of androgen receptors?

A 19-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with significant weight loss and secondary amenorrhea. She has a high-intensity exercise regimen, is preoccupied with food, and seems to have an irrational fear of gaining weight. Decreased production of which of the following hormones leads to amenorrhea in anorexia nervosa

A 22-year-old woman presents to the obstetrician-gynecologist’s office with complaints of painful menstruation accompanied by profuse menstrual flow. The doctor prescribes ibuprofen and an oral contraceptive. Biological actions of estrogens include a decrease in which of the following

A 55-year-old woman is experiencing the signs and symptoms of menopause. Her gynecologist discusses with her the possibility of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Which of the following are effects of postmenopausal HRT

A couple presents at the fertility center with concerns that they have not been able to conceive a child. The reproductive endocrinologist evaluates the wife to be certain that she is ovulating. Which of the following is an indication that ovulation has taken place

After menopause, hormone replacement therapy with estrogen-like compounds is effective in preventing the progression of osteoporosis. What is the mechanism of their protective effect

One treatment for erectile dysfunction requires the injection of a substance into the corpora cavernosa of the penis. The injection of which of the following causes an erection

A young woman is given daily injections of a substance beginning on the 16th day of her normal menstrual cycle and continuing for 3 weeks. As long as the injections continue, she does not menstruate. The injected substance could be which of the following?

Spermatogenesis is regulated by a negative feedback control system in which follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the steps in sperm cell formation. What is the negative feedback signal associated with sperm cell production that inhibits pituitary formation of FSH?

In order for male differentiation to occur during embryonic development, testosterone must be secreted from the testes. What stimulates the secretion of testosterone during embryonic development?

A man is taking a number of medications, one of which appears to be interfering with the emission phase of the sexual act. Which of the following medications could cause this problem?

During the first few years after menopause, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels are normally extremely high. A 56-year-old woman completed menopause 3 years ago. However, she is found to have low levels of FSH in her blood. Which of the following is the best explanation for this finding?

Why is milk produced only after delivery, not before?

Very early in embryonic development, testosterone is formed within the male embryo. What is the function of this hormone at this stage of development

A 30-year-old woman is breast-feeding her infant. During suckling, which of the following hormonal responses is expected?

During pregnancy, the uterine smooth muscle is quiescent. During the 9th month of gestation the uterine muscle becomes progressively more excitable. What factors contribute to the increase in excitability

Before intercourse, a woman irrigates her vagina with a solution that lowers the pH of the vaginal fluid to 4.5. What will be the effect on sperm cells in the vagina

Infants of mothers who had adequate nutrition during pregnancy do not require iron supplements or a diet rich in iron until about 3 months of age. Why is this?

Two days before the onset of menstruation, secretions of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) reach their lowest levels. What is the cause of this low level of secretion?

Birth control pills containing combinations of synthetic estrogen and progesterone compounds given for the first 21 days of the menstrual cycle are effective in preventing pregnancy. What is the explanation for their efficacy?

A professional athlete in her mid-20s has not had a menstrual cycle for 5 years, although a bone density scan revealed normal skeletal mineralization. Which of the following facts elicited during the taking of her medical history may explain these observations?

A 16-year-old, seemingly normal female is diagnosed with androgen insensitivity disorder. She has never had a menstrual cycle and is found to have a blind-ending vagina; no uterus, cervix, or ovaries; a 46 XY genotype; and intra-abdominal testes. Her serum testosterone is elevated. Which of the following characteristics is caused by lack of androgen receptors?

Which of the following actions occurs when light strikes a photoreceptor cell of the retina?

At a first-grade parent–teacher conference, the teacher of a 6-year-old boy indicates that the boy seems to have difficulty hearing. His parents take him to the pediatrician, who refers the boy to an otolaryngologist. The boy is found to have a significant hearing deficit accompanying a middle ear infection that also involves the middle ear bones. Which of the following is the primary function of the middle ear bones

The morning after a rock concert, a 20-year-old college student notices difficulty hearing his professor during lecture. The physician at the student health center suspects possible damage to his hair cells by the loud music. Depolarization of the hair cells in the cochlea is caused primarily by the flow of which of the following

A 58-year-old woman goes to her physician because she is having difficulty threading needles. An eye examination leads to the diagnosis of presbyopia (old eyes). Her condition is most likely caused by which of the following

Most of the refraction that occurs in the eye at the

Stapes rests in

Relative color and luminosity of photoreceptive input under changing light conditions are regulated and maintained by

Raised ECF potassium levels are seen in

Which of the following is the middle ear ossicle that is attached to the tympanic membrane

Under low or reduced light conditions, which of the following chemical compounds is responsible for the inward-directed sodium current in the outer segments of the photoreceptors

Olfactory receptor cells belong to which of the following groups of cells

Accommodation for far vision (focusing on an object at a distance) requires which of the following processes

During photoreception, all of the following increase except

The stereocilia of hair cells are embedded in which membrane?

After olfactory receptor cells bind odor molecules, a sequence of intracellular events occurs that culminates in the entrance of specific ions that depolarize the olfactory receptor cell. Which of the following ions are involved?

The condition of myopia is usually corrected by which of the following types of lens?

Which of the following events prompts the auditory system to interpret a sound as loud?

The function of the round window can best be described by which of the following?

Which of the following muscles is contracted as part of the pupillary light reflex?

Which of the following provides about two thirds of the 59 diopters of refractive power of the eye?

Of the photoreceptors listed below which one responds to the broadest spectrum of wavelengths of light

Which of the following structures secretes the intraocular fluid of the eye

Which type of papillae is located in the posterior part of the tongue?

Visual contrast is enhanced due to lateral inhibition by which retinal cells

Which of the following is the most common cause of glaucoma

Na+ - Ca++ exchanger in cardiac cell is an example of

Transcytosis occurs in which of the following

Identify the procedure shown

Identify the transport process

Identify the structure

Osmolality of plasma in a normal adult

Major contribution to plasma osmolality is by which ion

Most abundant ion in intracellular fluid is

Plasma makes

BMI of underweight individual

The movement of solvent from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration through semipermeable membrane is

The system of fibers maintaining the structure of the cell is

Release of contents of vesicles outside the cell with the membrane kept intact is termed

The movement of a substance along its concentration gradient with the help of carrier protein is

The second messenger systems are the following except

Which of the following characteristics of a biological membrane is most influenced by its cholesterol content?

Gibbs-Donnan effect states that the presence of non-diffusible ions on one side of semipermeable membrane

Centriole is absent in

Nernst potential for Na+ is

Resting membrane potential of the neuron is close to Nernst potential of

Examples of isotonic solution are

Which of the following is not mediated through negative feedback mechanism:

Cell shape and motility are provided by

The correct sequence of cell cycle is:

Which one of the following molecules is used for cell signaling

Sodium channels are specifically blocked by

Most important intracellular anion is

The lipid bilayer of cell membrane exists as

Molecular logic of living state states all except

True statement regarding Nitric oxide is

All of the following transport process follow saturation kinetics except

Basal Metabolic Rate depends most closely on

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion share which of the following characteristics

Synovial, intraocular and pericardial fluids are examples of

Transition temperature of lipid bilayer of cell membrane is raised by

Na+ - K+ pump is an example of

Addition of PUFA in plasma membrane causes

Membrane fluidity is increase by

True statements about Ca2+ transport across cell membrane

In cell membrane all of the following are true except

Glycophorin is present in

Clathrin is used in

Molecular motors are

Fusion of part of a cell membrane occurs in

Aggrecan is

Plasma osmolartiy is contributed by all except

Regarding gap junction, which of the following is true

In which cell centriole is absent

Out of the various phases of the action potential (recorded with one electrode inside the cell), which one has the longest duration

Which of the statements regarding the T tubules is correct

Which of the following words or phrases is most closely associated with an endplate potential at the neuromuscular junction

Dihydropyridine receptor is

All the following are true of type II muscle except

Gap junctions are seen in all except

Excitability of a nerve fiber is maximum during

All of the following are true about action potential except

Area within A band contains all except

Decrease in extracellular Na+ conc. will cause

The force of muscle contraction can be increased by all of the following except

Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle involves all of the following events except

A single contraction of skeletal muscle is most likely to be terminated by which of the following actions

Which of the following statements about smooth muscle contraction is most accurate

Which of the following best describes an attribute of visceral smooth muscle not shared by skeletal muscle

Which of the following is a consequence of myelination in large nerve fibers

Similarities between smooth and cardiac muscle include which of the following

A cross-sectional view of a skeletal muscle fiber through the H zone would reveal the presence of what

Malignant hyperthermia is a potentially fatal genetic disorder characterized by a hyper-responsiveness to inhaled anesthetics and results in elevated body temperature, skeletal muscle rigidity, and lactic acidosis. Which of the following molecular changes could account for these clinical manifestations

A 12-year-old boy presents with a 4-month history of diminished vision and diplopia. He also experiences tiredness toward the end of the day. There are no other symptoms. On examination, the patient has ptosis of the left eye that improves after a period of sleep. Clinical examination is otherwise normal. There is no evidence of weakness of any other muscles. Additional testing indicates the presence of anti-acetylcholine antibodies in the plasma, a normal thyroid function test, and a normal CT scan of the brain and orbit. What is the initial diagnosis

The correct order of susceptibility of the different types of nerve fibres to local aneasthetics is

Action potential is

A travelling nerve impulse does not depolarize the area immediately behind it, because

Orthodromic conduction is

Synaptic conduction is mostly orthodromic because

Spontaneous release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction produces

Calcium ions triggers muscle contraction by binding to

Rheobase is

Based on sliding-filament theory which of the following changes would you expect in the sarcomere during contraction

Which ion helps in resting membrane potential in neurons

Magnitude of action potential is mainly affected by

Repolarization of a nerve is due to

Maximum number of sodium channels per square micrometer is present in

Influx of which of the following ion is responsible for IPSP

All or none law is obeyed by

Sensory fiber with least conduction velocity

Acetylcholine receptors are decreased in

All are neuroglial cells in the CNS except

A 30-year-old has an ejection fraction of 0.25 and an end systolic volume of 150 ml. What is his end diastolic volume?

Which of the following is most likely to cause the heart to go into spastic contraction

Which of the following events is associated with the first heart sound?

Which of the following conditions at the A-V node will cause a decrease in heart rate?

When recording lead I on an  EKG, the right arm is the negative electrode, and the positive electrode is the

Cardiac output in L/min divided by heart rate equals:

A shift of posture from supine to upright posture is associated with cardiovascular adjustments. Which of the following is NOT true in this context

The blood pressure measured by a sphygmomanometer:

Pressure on carotid sinus cause:

Shape of the arterial pulse is influenced by:

Which of the following in NOT correct regarding capillaries

Distribution of blood flow in mainly regulated by the

Protein filtration across cerebral capillaries is limited by:

CVP denotes pressure of

QRS complex is due to

Mean pulmonary artery pressure is

Mean arterial pressure is

Blood flow in the vessels supplying the subendocardial portion of left ventricle occurs during

Coronary vasodilation is caused by

Negative waves in jugular venous pulse

ECG changes seen in hypocalcemia

Left ventricular failure is said to be present if pulmonary capillary wedge pressure exceeds

Increased preload is seen in all of the following except

Normal portal vein pressure is

ECG changes in atrial fibrillation do not include

Swan Ganz catheter is used to measure

ST segment elevation is seen in

Vagal stimulation of the heart causes

Baroreceptors stimulation produces

During Diastole, the arterial pressure is maintained by

The work performed by the left ventricle is substantially greater than that performed by the right ventricle, because in the left ventricle

If cardiac output is 5 l/min and body surface area is 1.7 m2, cardiac index is

All are true regarding SA node except

Spuriously high BP is seen in all except

Cardiac output is determined by all except

During exercise, blood supply in splanchnic area is decreased due to

Adequacy of replacement of fluid in case of shock is best assessed by

Local control of blood flow is seen in all of the following except

Parasympathetic stimulation would decrease the following except

The basis of Korotkoff sounds is due to

Not true for jugular venous pulse pressure

Which one structural feature is common to all blood capillaries

Carotid baroreceptor is most sensitive to

In cerebral ischemia, systemic blood pressure rise due to

Weightlessness results in

Bradycardia in athletes is due to

In which of the following, change of blood flow during exercise is least

Heart rate is maximum in normal

The processing of short term memory to long term memory is done in

Area of Broca is concerned with:

Motor aphasia refers to defect in:

The maintenance of posture in a normal adult human being depends upon

Blood brain barrier is present at all of the following sites except

Cerebellar connection to other parts of the brain is projected through which cell

Location of osmoreceptors is the

All of the following are known functions of hypothalamus except:

Nonshivering thermogenesis in adults is due to

The hormone associated with cold adaption is

The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS is

The inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS neurons is

CSF pressure (lumbar)-

The most important physiological factor which maintains CSF pressure is

Pain-sensitive intracranial structure is:

Beta waveforms in electroencephalogram designate which of the following states of the patient:

Modality that is lost on the ipsilateral side in Brown sequard syndrome is:

Salivation by dog seen when food is given along with ringing of bell is

The first reflex response to appear as spinal shock wears off in humans is

Perception of normal sensory stimuli as painful is called

Parasympathetic stimulation causes

Function of a muscle spindle is

Stretch reflex of urinary bladder is integrated at

Clasp knife rigidity is also known as

All are carried through anterolateral system except

Which of the following sensation are not transmitted by the Dorsal tract

Sweating is mediated by

All of the following effects can occur if vagus is stimulated except

Vomiting centre is situated in the

Temperature regulation is chiefly under the control of

Dreaming is common in which stage of sleep

Neurotransmitter depleted in Parkinson disease

Function of neocerebellum is

Function of floccunodular lobe of cerebellum is

Primary auditory area is

Which of the following nucleus controls the circadian rhythm

Visible range of electromagnetic spectrum of human eye

TRUE about Renshaw cell inhibition is:

Intensity of sensory stimulation is directly related to

All are properties of spinal cord reflex except

In man, the least useful physiological response to low environmental temperature is

In Fight or Flight reaction, increase in local blood flow is caused by

The EEG waves are called

Frequency of alpha waves in EEG is

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential is due to

Arousal response is mediated by

Synaptic potential can be recorded by

Increased gamma-efferent discharge is seen in all except

The following hormone does not have any intracellular receptor

Osteoclast has specific receptor for

Sudden decrease in serum calcium is associated with

Which of the following organs is not involved in calcium homeostasis

Secretion of Prolactin is affected by

Regarding thyroid hormone all are true except

Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the kidney

Experimental diabetes in caused by

In the adrenal gland, androgens are produced by the cells in the

Transection of pituitary stalk leads to increase in

Anterior pituitary gland secretes all of the following except

Which of the following is not related to the calcium metabolism

At what time of the day GH levels are highest

Which of the following causes hypocalcemia

The hormone which helps in milk secretion

Features like hypogonadism, dwarfism, loss of hair, pigmentation and ulcers of skin and decreased immunity are associated with deficiency of

Long term status of blood sugar is explained by

Chronic atrophy of adrenal gland will result in which hormone deficiency:

Procedure of glucose tolerance test is:

Corticosteroids suppress:

Aldosterone action is on

Calcium absorption is from:

Insulin does not facilitate glucose uptake in the following except

Which of the following will occur in a patient whose diet has been low in calcium for 4 months

Release of which of the following hormone is an example of Neuroendocrine secretion

Complete atrophy of anterior piuitary gland will cause

Thyroid hormone is transported in blood bound to

Glucose- mediated insulin release is mediated through

Carbohydrate free diet causes

Stress induced rise in cortisol causes

Calcium is absorbed from

Synthesis of aldosterone is inhibited by

Seen in disease of Addison

BMR is lowered in

All are features of panhypopituitarism except

Which of the following is not caused by oxytocin

Androgens are produced in adrenal glands from

Most powerful vasopressor is

Hyperexcitability in tetany is due to

This hormone acts on the intestines and causes increased calcium absorption

Which hormone possesses anti-insulin effect

Which one of the following hormones is modified amino acid

Thyroid hormone binds to which type of receptor

Which of the following does not have a corresponding releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

Hormones thyroxine, adrenaline and the pigment melanin are formed from

Adrenal insufficiency leads to

GI tract muscle wall

Deglutition apnea during pharyngeal phase is caused by

HCl secretion by stomach

Bile salts

Following is a choleretic agent

Pepsinogen s activated by:

Chymotrypsinogen in activated into chymotrypsin by

Following are gastrointestinal hormones except;

Cephalic phase of gastric secretion is mediated by

Major regulator of interdigestive myoelectric complexes

Bile acid has a detergent action due to

The amount of water absorbed in the intestine in a day is

Colonic bacteria, on digestion of dietary fibres would give

Largest reserve of energy in body stored as

The role of chromium in the body is

Intrinsic factor, which helps in absorption of Vit. B12 is produced by:

Cholagogues are the substances, which cause

Gallbladder contraction is controlled primarily by the following hormone:

Faecal mass is mainly derived from

Rapidly absorbed in the stomach is

Which of the following is not produced by hepatocytes

Ion which promotes glucose absorption in the gut region

Kupffer cells in the liver are

Causes of vitamin B12 deficiency is

Salivary amylase is activated by

Mass action contraction is seen in which of the following

Major regulator of interdigestive myoelectric complexes

Most potent stimulus for secretin is

Following constitute dietary fibres except

Migrating motility complxes occur about every 90 min between meals and are thought to be stimulated by the gastrointestinal hormone, motilin. An absence of MMCs causes an increase in which of the following

Which of the following is the site of Na+ - bile acid cotransport

Slow waves in small intestinal smooth cells are

All are factors causing post-vagotomy diarrhea except

In which of the following areas, the vomiting centre is located

All stimulate enterogastric reflex except

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Chyme in small intestine is propelled forward by

In GIT, longest transit time is seen in

Which of the following is true regarding Brunner gland

Which of the following is not present in pancreatic juice

Regarding the complement system, which is true

Identify the cell shown by the arrow

The clotting of blood in normal intact vascular segment is prevented by all of the following except

The fluid component of plasma present in the blood constitutes about

Most of the plasma proteins are synthesized by

The most common type of anemia found in our country is

The most abundant plasma protein present in the blood is

The least numerous of WBCs are

The largest WBC is

Platelets are formed from

The most important ton required for clotting is

Kernicterus is caused due to accumulation of bilirubin in

Metabolic needs of an RBC are met by

During breakdown of Hb, heme is broken down into iron and

Abnormal condition caused due to decreased production of alpha and beta chains of Hb is called

The relative percentage of Hb in a single RBC is called

All the following are autoimmune diseases except

Immunoglobulins are produced by

Blood is stored at

Dead neutrophils, necrotic tissue, dead bacteria all combine to form

Packed cell volume is increased in

Albumin

Normally RBCs are hemolyzed when suspended in

Arneth count is

Monocytes remain in the circulation for

Most common hemoglobin in normal adult is

Carbon dioxide is transported in plasma as

Most useful method of estimating total iron content of blood

Vitamin K dependent clotting factors of hepatic origin are all of the following except

In sickle cell disease

1 gm of Hb binds with

Hemophilia B is deficiency of which factor

Extrinsic system of blood coagulation is triggered by the release of

Hagemann factor is involved in

Erythropoietin is secreted by

Plasma makes

Factor required for erythrocyte stability

Extrinsic system of coagulation is checked by

Hereditary spherocytosis is due to deficiency of

During the second trimester of pregnancy, where is the predominant site of red blood cell production

Which of the following would be appropriate therapy for massive pulmonary embolism

The first reactionary change to occur after vessel injury and haemorrhage is

Chediak-Higashi syndrome is associated with defect in

Thrombosthenin is a

Blood group antigens are

Compared to fresh blood, stored blood has

Biconcave shape of RBC is helpful because

The sigmoid nature of Hb-O2 dissociation curve is because of

All of the following factor influence hemoglobin dissociation curve, except

True about inspiration; the intrapleural pressure become

Inflation of lungs induces further inflation is explained by:

Nitrogen washout method is used for estimating:

Ventilation perfusion ratio is maximum at

Which of the following variants of hypoxia does not stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors:

Which is the best parameter for analysis of Hypoxic hypoxia

Which of the following conditions leads to tissue hypoxia without alteration of oxygen content of blood

The neurons may get irreversibly damaged if exposed to significant hypoxia for:

True regarding respiratory center is

Which of the following is the best-known metabolic function of the lung:

A person goes to the mountains. When he reaches about 5000ft. he develops dyspnea. Which of following correctly explains for the symptoms

The Alveolar ventilation in an individual with Tidal volume 600ml dead space 150 ml and Respiratory rate of 15/minute is

The diffusing capacity for carbon dioxide compared to that for oxygen is

Oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the right in all except

Smoking causes

The most common form of hypoxia is

The state of iron responsible for O2 transport

Most potent respiratory stimulant is

Hypoxia is characterized by

Hyperbaric oxygen is useful in all, EXCEPT

Cyanosis or bluish coloration of skin and mucus membrane depends upon

Limitation of inspiration by vagal lung inflation signals is called the:

Kussmaul respiration occurs in response to

The Respiratory zone consists of all the following except

During binding of the 4 molecules of O2 by Hb, the affinity for the binding of one of the following is the greatest

Haldane effect is

Surfactant is produced by

1 gm of Hb binds with

Gas used to measure diffusion In lung

During exercise increase in O2 delivery to muscles is because of all except

Total lung capacity depends upon

When oxygen moves through the thin side of the blood-gas barrier from the alveolar gas to the hemoglobin of the red blood cell , it passes the following layers in order

The metabolic function of the lungs include

In sportsman, the smoking of tobacco causes which of the following effects on the respiratory system

Out of the following which one is the most important stimulus controlling the resting ventilation

Pulmonary function changes seen in emphysema are

A person has normal lung compliance and increased airway resistance. The most economical way of breathing for him is

Mouth to mouth respiration provides an O2 concentration of

Irreversible damage to neurons occurs if exposed to significant hypoxia for

Decompression sickness occurs due to

J receptors are present in

Myoglobin binds with

Which of the following describes in vitro fertilization:

Ovulation is due to surge of:

Separation of first polar body occurs at the time of:

All of the following are indicators of ovulation except:

Fertilization occurs in which part of the fallopian tube

Sperm becomes mobile in:

Asthenospermia means:

Ovulation occurs:

Term period for embryonic period:

Impotency may be seen in

Testosterone production is mainly contributed by

Interstitial cells of Leydig in testes secrete which of the following

Levels of which of the following hormones are increased in post menopausal women

Positive feedback action of estrogen for inducing luteininzing hormone surge is associated with which of the following steroid hormone ratios in peripheral circulation:

The laboratory report shows value of gonadotropin and ovarian hormones of the blood sample taken, on day 20 of the menstrual cycle of a young woman. Whether her cycle was ovulatory or not may be validity assessed by the reported serum level of:

The enzyme associated with the conversion of androgen  to oestrogen in the growing ovarian follicle is

Elasticity of cervical mucous is seen in–

Braxton-Hicks contractions

The role of human placental lactogen is

Estrogen in the post menopausal women is metabolized mostly into

Corpus luteum is maintained by:

The enzyme associated with the conversion of androgen to oestrogen in the growing ovarian follicle is

Capacitance of sperms takes place in:

The possible reason for the amenorrhea and infertility during lactation is

Sertoli have receptors for

Which of the following is not produced by testis

About 60% of total volume of semen is secreted by

All are effects of testosterone except

Attenuation reflex

Most important constituent of endolymph is

Almost equal stimulation of all the three primary colors makes a person to see

Lateral geniculate body is concerned with

Receptor which is a dendrite of a neuron is in following

Bipolar cells are seen in

All are primary colours except

True about colour blindness

Blind spot of mariotte

White colour vision/perception of white light is due to

Electrical response due to the effect of light on photosensitive compounds of rods and cones

Features of occipital lobe of brain are all except

True about semicircular canals is

All of the following are concerned with spatial orientation

The blobs of the visual cortex are associated with:

During the dark phase of visual cycle, which form of vitamin A combines with opsin to make Rhodopsin:

Visible range of electromagnetic spectrum of human eye

Which of the following retinal cells have action potentials

Olfactory receptor cells belong to which of the following type of cells

Out of the following, which taste sensation has got the lowest stimulation threshold

The stereocilia of hair cells are embedded in which membrane

Which of the following ions moves from the endolymph into the stereocilia and causes the depoarization of the hair cell

Most of the refraction that occurs in the eye at the

Intraocular fluid

If red and green cones are stimulated equally, colour observed is

Atonic bladder

Sodium is actively transported by all parts of renal tubules, except

Atonic bladder

In diabetes mellitus urinary osmolarity is

Cutting of pituitary stalk causes all, EXCEPT

Actual tubular maximum is always lesser than calculated tubular maximum for any substance reabsorbed actively by kidney because

GFR is increased when

Following cells are responsible for acid secretion in kidney

Which of the following does NOT form a filtration barrier in nephrons:

In renal glycosuria, the renal threshold for glucose

Bicarbonate is maximally absorbed from

The urge for micturition is felt when the bladder is filled with

JG cells (Juxta glomerular apparatus) are

Normal levels of creatinine in serum is

Addis test is used for

Diuresis is caused by

In clinical practice Glomerular Fittration Rate (GFR) is estimated using the plasma clearance value of

Clearance of which of the following substances is normally the maximum

Regarding the counter current mechanism all the following are true EXCEPT

Normal glomerular capillary pressure

Reabsorption of water is maximum in

Substance used to measure renal plasma flow

True regarding water absorption in tubules

Site of action of ADH is

What is glomerular filtration rate

PCT absorbs all except

Glucose is reabsorbed at

GFR decreases with the following

Which is not a component of juxtaglomerular complex

With glucose which of the following is transported

A patient with uncontrolled hypertension is placed on a diuretic targeted to act on the sodium reabsorption site from the basolateral surface of the renal epithelial cells. Which of the following transport processes is the drug affecting

If clearance of a drug is more than GFR, it means that

Anion gap is largely due to

True regarding nephron function

Changes seen in metabolic acidosis

Minimal amount of urine required for elimination of waste product is

Normal daily protein excretion

Most sensitive index for renal tubular function

Which of the following is not responsible for urine concentration

Tubuloglomerular feedback is mediated by

Effective renal plasma flow in humans is

Juxtamedullary nephrons constitute what percentage of total nephrons

The graph is representing which kind of inhibition:

Which of the following is true about Michaelis-Menten kinetics?

A 35-year-old woman has had weight loss for the past 6 months. She is diagnosed with cancer, and methotraxate is prescribed. During treatment, what is the most likely effect of pyridostigmine on the reaction catalyzed by folateredcutase?

Selenium is an essential component of:

Which of the following enzyme typically elevated in alcoholism:

The chemotherapy drug fluorouracil undergoes a series of chemical changes in vivo that result in a covalent complex such that it is bound to both thymidylate synthase and methylene-tetrahydrofolate. The inhibition of deoxythymidylate formation and subsequent blockage of cell division is due to which of the following?

The following graph shows a linear relationship between reaction rate and ______

True about isoenzymesis:

Consider the section of the TCA cycle in which isocitrate is converted to fumarate. This segment of the TCA cycle can be best described by which one of the following?

Decreased glucose concentration in hepatic cells triggers all of the following except

The reaction inhibited in thiamine deficiency is

A 16-month-old girl was found to have ingested approimately 30 mL of an acetonitrile-based cosmetic nail remover when she vomited 15 minutes postingestion. The poison control center was contacted, but no treatment was recommended because it was confused with an acetone-based nail polish remover. The child was put to bed at her normal time, which was 2 hours postingestion. Respiratory distress developed sometime after the child was put to bed, and she was found dead the next morning. Inhibition of which of the following enzymes was the most likely cause of this child death?

A patient presented with a bacterial infection that produced an endotoxin that was found, after extensive laboratory analysis, to inhibit phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinase. The patient would have very little glucose produced from which one of the following gluconeogenic precursors?

In the TCA cycle, a role for thiamine pyrophosphate is which one of the following?

Which of the following statements correctly describes insulin?

Which one of the following is a property of pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A liver biopsy from an infant with hepatomegaly, stunted growth, hypoglycaemia, lactic acidosis, hyperlipidaemia revealed accumulation of glycogen having normal structure. A possible diagnosis would be:

Which one of the following statement is correct regarding the well fed state?

A 54-yrs old man with type I diabetes is suffered to an ophthalmologist for evaluation of developing cataract. Which of the following enzymes is most strongly associated with cataract formation in this patient?

Which one of the following components of the electron transport chain only accepts electrons, and does not donate them?

Which compound is recycled in the citric acid cycle and thus serves a catalytic role?

Which one of the following tissues of the eye relies almost solely on anaerobic metabolism instead of the TCA/electron transport cycle?

A 43-year-old female has been on a grapefruit and potatoes diet for several months in an effort to lose weight. She now complains of a rash covering most of her body, a large, beefy tongue, nausea and diarrhea, and some confusion. Which one of the following cofactors or enzyme complexes would be most affected by this condition?

An alcoholic presents with swelling and fissuring of the lips, cracking at the angles of the mouth, red eyes, and an oily, scaly rash of his scrotum. Which one of the following cofactors of enzyme complexes would be most affected by this condition?

A firefighter is brought to the emergency room (ER) from the scene of a fire complaining of headaches, weakness, confusion, and difficulty in breathing. His skin and mucous membranes appear very pink/red. The causative agent of these symptoms inhibits electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation by which one of the following mechanisms?

Fully activated pyruvate carboxylase depends on the presence of which of the following substances?

A patient is in septic shock and his tissues are poorly perfused and oxygenated. The major end product of glucose metabolism in these tissues will be an accumulation of which one of the following?

A 40-year-old chronic alcoholic enters the hospital because of a variety of symptoms, including loss of feeling in his hands and feet, nystagmus, and difficulty with his balance when walking. This patient would have difficulty catalyzing which one of the following reactions?

A man presents to the ER with an elevated temperature, sweats, and increased rate of breathing. He had been spraying insecticide and accidentally inhaled some of the poison. Using the insecticide on cultured cells, it was demonstrated that the rate of oxygen consumption by the cells was much greater than in the absence of the compound. This drug is acting most like which one of the following?

A man presents to the ER after ingesting an insecticide. His respiration rate is very low. Information from the Poison Control Center indicates that this particular insecticide binds to and completely inhibits cytochrome c. Therefore, which one of the following would occur in this man mitochondria?

Two weeks after an episode of the flu, an 8-year-old boy with IDDM is brought to the emergency room in a coma. His breathing is rapid and deep, and his breath has a fruity odor. His blood glucose is 36.5 mM (normal: 4–6 mM [70–110 mg/dL]). The physician administers IV fluids, insulin, and potassium chloride. A rapid effect of insulin in this situation is to stimulate

An alcoholic has been on a 2-week drinking binge during which time she has eaten little and has become severely hypoglycemic. Which additional condition may develop in response to chronic, severe hypoglycemia?

A breast-fed infant begins to vomit frequently and lose weight. Several days later she is jaundiced, her liver is enlarged, and cataracts are noticed in her lenses. These symptoms are most likely caused by a deficiency of

Following an early-morning run, a 29-year-old man consumes an all-American breakfast consisting of cereal, eggs, bacon, sausage, pancakes with maple syrup, doughnuts, and coffee with cream and sugar. Which of the following proteins will most likely be activated in his liver after breakfast?

After digestion of a piece of cake that contains flour, milk, and sucrose as its primary ingredients, the major carbohydrate products entering the blood are which one of the following? Choose the one best answer

A man goes on a hunger strike and confines himself to a liquid diet with minimal calories. Which of the following would occur after 4 to 5 hours?

After a meal, blood glucose enters cells and is stored as glycogen, particularly in the liver. Which of the following is the donor of new glucose molecules in glycogen?

Glycogenolysis in muscle does not contribute directly to blood glucose concentration because muscle lacks the enzyme

The immediate degradation of glycogen under normal conditions gives rise to which one of the following?

A new born begins vomiting after feeding, becomes severely jaundiced, and has liver disease. Treatment for possible sepsis is initiated, and the urine is found to have reducing substances. A blood screen for galactosemia is positive, and lactose-containing substances are removed from the diet. Lactose is toxic in this case because of which of the following?

In an embryo with a complete deficiency of pyruvate kinase, how many net moles of ATP are generated in the conversion of 1 mole of glucose to 1 mole of pyruvate?

Which of the following is helpful in transport of fructose in Sperm?

Which one of the following occurs during the conversion of pyruvate to glucose during gluconeogenesis?

Which of the following hormones can cause hyperglycemia without known effects on glycogen or gluconeogenesis?

A common intermediate in the conversion of glycerol and lactate to glucose is which one of the following?

The pentose phosphate pathway generates which one of the following?

Which one of the following metabolites is used by all cells for glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, and the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway?

A chronic alcoholic has recently had trouble with their ability to balance, becomes easily confused, and displays nystagmus. An assay of which of the following enzymes can determine a biochemical reason for these symptoms?

A patient presented with a bacterial infection that produced an endotoxin that was found, after extensive laboratory analysis, to inhibit phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinase The patient would have very little glucose produced from which one of the following gluconeogenic precursors?

A woman undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer has developed bloating, diarrhea, and excess gas whenever she drinks milk. She never had this problem before. Which one of the following best describes the mechanism causing the symptoms in the above-mentioned patient?

Patients with diabetes frequently report changing visual acuities when their glucose levels are chronically high. Which of the following could explain the fluctuating acuity with high blood glucose levels?

During a myocardial infarction, the oxygen supply to an area of the heart is dramatically reduced, forcing the cardiac myocytes to switch to anaerobic metabolism. Under these conditions, which of the following enzymes would be activated by increasing intracellular AMP?

When nitroprusside is given in higher than usual doses, it may be accompanied by the administration of thiosulfate to reduce potential toxic side effects. Which complex associated with electron transport or oxidative phosphorylation is most sensitive to the toxic byproduct that may accumulate with high doses of nitroprusside?

A patient has been exposed to a toxic compound that increases the permeability of mitochondrial membranes for protons. Which of the following events in liver cells would you expect to occur?

Most of the reducing equivalents utilized for synthesis of fatty acids can be generated from:

A liver biopsy is done on a child with hepatomegaly and mild fasting hypoglycemia. Hepatocytes show accumulation of glycogen granules with single glucose residues remaining at the branch points near the periphery of the granule. The most likely genetic defect is in the gene encoding a(n):

Which of the following statements about gluconeogenesis is correct?

Which of the following statements is true?

A child stops making developmental progress at age 2 years and develops coarse facial features with thick mucous drainage. Skeletal deformities appear over the next year, and the child regresses to a vegetative state by age 10 years. The child’s urine tests positive for glycosaminoglycans that include which of the following molecules?

When fatty acid Beta-oxidation predominates in the liver, mitochondrial pyruvate is most likely to be

The peptide ala-arg-his-gly-glu is treated with peptidases to release all of the amino acids. The solution is adjusted to pH 7, and electrophoresis is performed. In the electrophoretogram depicted below, the amino acid indicated by the arrow is most likely to be

Several complexes in the mitochondrial electron transport chain contain non-heme iron. The iron in these complexes is bound tightly to the thiol group of which amino acid?

In a 55- year-old man, who has been diagnosed with cirrhosis of liver, Ammonia is not getting detoxified and can damage brain. Which of the following amino acids can covalently bind ammonia, transport and store in a non- toxic form?

An amino acid that yields acetoacetyl CoA during the catabolism of its carbon skeleton will be considered

Which of the following is most likely in an untreated child with PKU?

Which of the following statements is true about affinity chromatography?

Pyrrole rings of hemoglobin molecule is attached to iron by:

Which of the following is not inborn error of aromatic amino acid metabolism

Newborn with severe acidosis and vomiting has elevated serum levels of lactate and alanine. This suggests a deficiency in which enzyme?

Which enzymes are responsible for producing the direct donors of nitrogen into the pathway producing urea?

Two days after a full-term normal delivery, a neonate begins to hyperventilate, develops hypothermia and cerebral edema, and becomes comatose. Urinalysis reveals high levels of glutamine and orotic acid. The BUN is below normal. Which enzyme is most likely to be deficient in this child?

In which of the following disease patient is not photosensitive?

A 49-year-old man with a rare recessive condition is at high risk for deep vein thrombosis and stroke and has had replacement of ectopic lenses. He has a normal hematocrit and no evidence of megaloblasticanemia.A mutation in the gene encoding which of the following is most likely to cause this disease?

Blood is drawn from a child with severe anemia and the haemoglobin protein is degraded for peptide and amino acid analysis. Of the results below, which change in hemoglobin primary structure is most likely to correlate with the clinical phenotype of anemia?

Parents bring in their 2-week-old child fearful that he has ingested a poison. They had delayed disposing one of the child diapers, and noted ablack discoloration where the urine had collected. Later, they realized that all of the child’s diapers would turn black if stored as waste for a day or so. Knowing that phenol groups can complex to form colors, which amino acid pathways are implicated in this phenomenon?

The oxygen carrier of muscle is the globular protein myoglobin. Which one of the following amino acids is highly likely to be localized within the interior of the molecule?

Which of the following amino acids is most responsible for the buffering capacity of hemoglobin and other proteins?

The biochemical structure of all the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, and pancreas can best be described as which of the following?

The substitution of valine for glutamate at position 6 on the two Beta-chains in sickle cell hemoglobin causes which of the following?

A 56-year-old man with a history of genetic disease undergoes hip replacement surgery for arthritis. During the operation the surgeon notes a dark pigmentation (ochronosis) in the man cartilage. His ochronotic arthritis is most likely caused by oxidation and polymerization of excess tissue

A 64-year-old woman is seen by a hematologist for evaluation of a macrocytic anemia. The woman was severely malnourished. Both homocysteine and methylmalonate were elevated in her blood and urine, and the transketolase level in her erythrocytes was below normal.What is the best evidence cited that the anemia is due to a primary deficiency of cyanocobalamin (B12)?

Which one of the following products of protein metabolism is decreased below normal levels during the early stages of starvation?

What is the most positive activator of the process shown below?

8 Acetyl-CoA + n ATP + 14 NADPH → palmitate + 8 CoASH + nADP + nPi + 14 NADP

When adipose tissue stores triglyceride arriving from the liver or intestine, glycolysis must also occur in the adipocyte. Which of the following products or intermediates of glycolysis is required for fat storage?

Which one of the following cofactors must be utilized during the conversion of acetyl-CoA to manloyl-CoA ?

Which of the following structures is common to all sphingolipids?

A patient with a history of recurring attacks of pancreatitis, eruptive xanthomas, and increased plasma triglyceride levels (2,000 mg/dL) associated with chylomicrons, most likely has a deficiency in

Uncontrolled phagocytosis of oxidized LDL particles is a major stimulus for the development of foam cells and fatty streaks in the vascular subendothelium. This process may be inhibited by increased dietary intake of

Sphingomyelinase deficiency is seen in:

Which of the following lipoproteins does not move towards charged end in electrophorsis?

Rothera test used for detection of

Which of the following is the 3-carbon end-product of fatty acid metabolism?

Which of the following Hyperlipoproteinemia do not increase the risk of coronary atherosclerosis?

The anticholesterolemic action of simvastatin is based on its effectiveness as a competitive inhibitor of the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. The reaction product normally produced by this enzyme is

In which of the following type of hyperlipoproteinemias, both LDL and VLDL is raised.

Tay-Sachs disease involves the metabolism of gangliosides. Gangliosides are composed of a ceramide backbone with at least which one of the following?

During starvation, which of the following shows the most marked increase in plasma concentration?

A 40-year-old woman with a history of bleeding and pancytopenia now presents with leg pain. She describes a deep, dull pain of increasing severity that required pain medication. Computed tomography examination reveals erosion and thinning of the femoral head. A bone marrow biopsy is performed to confirm a diagnosis of Gaucher disease. What material would be found abnormally accumulating in the lysosomes of her cells?

A 22-year-old woman with poorly controlled gestational diabetes delivers a large-for-gestational-age infant at 24 weeks. Within 6hours afterbirth, the newborn has respiratory difficulties associated with tachypnea and cyanosis. What substance is most likely deficient in this newborn?

A 30-year-old man has been fasting for several days. His blood glucose level is now about 60% of its normal value, but he does not feel lightheaded because his brain has reduced its need for serum glucose by using which of the following substances as an alternate energy source?

Which of the following substances can be converted to glucose to supply the needs of the brain during starvation?

A lipoprotein inversely related to the incidence of coronary artherosclerosis is

A 3-month-old boy has rapidly progressive central nervous system (CNS) deterioration, spasticity, and failure to thrive. Physical examination is significant for marked hepatosplenomegaly. Liver biopsy shows an increase of sphingomyelin in the lysosomes. What enzyme is most likely deficient in this infant?

Which of the following inhibits the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase?

A patient has been on a self-imposed starvation diet for four months, and has lost 60 pounds while consuming only water and vitamin pills. If extensive blood studies were performed, which of the following would be expected to be elevated?

Which of the following is the action of dietary fiber?

A double-stranded RNA genome isolated from a virus in the stool of a child with gastroenteritis was found to contain 15% uracil. What is the percentage of guanine in this genome?

What is the structure indicated below?

Which of the following statements regarding a double-helical molecule of DNA is true?

A sample of human DNA is subjected to increasing temperature until the major fraction exhibits optical density changes due to disruption of its helix (melting or denaturation). A smaller fraction is atypical in that it requires a much higher temperature for melting. This smaller, atypical fraction of DNA must contain a higher content of

The first drug to be effective against AIDS, including the reduction of maternal-to-child AIDS transmission by 30%, was AIDS drug azidothymidine (AZT). Which of the following describes its mechanism of action?

Erythromycin is the antibiotic of choice when treating respiratory tract infections in legionnaire disease, whooping cough, and Mycoplasma-based pneumonia because of its ability to inhibit protein synthesis in certain bacteria by

It is now believed that a substantial proportion of the single nucleotide substitutions causing human genetic disease are due to misincorporation of bases during DNA replication. Which proofreading activity is critical in determining the accuracy of nuclear DNA replication and thus the base substitution mutation rate in human chromosomes?

A male child presents with delayed development and scarring of the lips and hands. His parent have restrained him because he obsessively chews on his lips and fingers which of the following is likely to occur in this child?

Which of the following statements is true?

Which of the following coding sequence produces a stable hairpin of RNA?

The hydrolytic step leading to the release of a polypeptide chain from a ribosome is catalyzed by which of the following?

Binding of the prokaryotic DNA dependent RNA polymerase to promoter site is inhibited by

The deficiency of an excision endonuclease may produce an exquisite sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation in xerodermapigmentosum. Which of the following functions would be absent in a patient deficient in this endonuclease?

Which of the following statements regarding splicing in eukaryotes is correct?

The anti-Pseudomonas action of norfloxacin is related to its ability to inhibit chromosome duplication in rapidly dividing cells. Which of the following enzymes participates in bacterial DNA replication and is directly inhibited by this antibiotic?

Single-strand breaks in DNA comprise the single most frequent type of DNA damage. These breaks are frequently due to reactive oxygen species damaging the deoxyribose residues of the sugar phosphate backbone. This type of break is repaired by a series of enzymes that reconstruct the sugarand ultimately reform the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides. Which class of enzyme catalyses the formation of the phosphodiesterbond in DNA repair?

A nasopharyngeal swab obtained from a 4-month-old infant with rhinitis and paroxysmal coughing tested positive upon culture for Bordetella pertussis. He was admitted to the hospital for therapy with an antibiotic that inhibits the translocation of the 70S ribosomes on the mRNA. This patient was most likely treated with

Collagen, the most abundant protein in the human body, is present in varying amounts in many tissues. If one wished to compare the collagen content of several tissues, one could measure their content of

Enhancers are transcriptional regulatory sequences that function by enhancing the activity of

A 6-month-old boy becomes progressively lethargic and pale and shows delayed motor development. Laboratory evaluation reveals normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN), low serum iron, hemoglobin 4.6 g/dL, and leukopenia. His bone marrow shows marked megaloblastosis, which did not respond to treatment with iron, folic acid, vitamin B12, or pyridoxine. His urine developed abundant white precipitate identified as orotic acid. The underlying defect causing the megaloblasticanemia in this child is most likely in which of the following pathways?

Patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome have hyperuricemia, indicating an increased biosynthesis of purine nucleotides, and markedly decreased levels of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). The hyperuricemia can be explained on the basis of a decrease in which regulator of purine biosynthesis?

The severe form of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is the result of a single nucleotide substitution that produces a single amino acid substitution. This is best described as a

A family, while on a picnic, picked some wild mushrooms to add to their picnic salad. Shortly thereafter, all the members of the family became ill, with the youngest child showing the most severe symptoms. The family is suffering these effects owing to a primary inability to accomplish which one of the following in their cells and tissues?

A 15-year-old boy was diagnosed with skin cancer. He had always been sensitive to sunlight, and had remained indoors for most of his life. An analysis of his DNA, from isolated fibroblasts, indicated an increased level of thymine dimers when the cells were exposed to UV light. The boy developed a skin tumor owing to an increased mutation rate, which was caused by which one of the following?

A thin, emaciated 25-year-old male presents with purple plaques and nodules on his face and arms, coughing, and shortness of breath. In order to diagnose the cause of his problems most efficiently, you would order which one of the following types of tests?

All are true about translation in eukaryotes except

A 17-year-old male has large, prominent ears, elongated face, large testicles, hand flapping, low muscle tone, and mild mental retardation. Which type of mutation does his diagnosis represent?

A young black man was brought to the emergency room (ER) due to severe pain throughout his body. He had been exercising vigorously when the pain started. He has had such episodes about twice a year for the past 10 years. An analysis of the blood shows a reduced blood cell count (anemia), and odd- looking red blood cells that were no longer concave and looked like an elongated sausage. The type of mutation leading to this disorder is best described as which one of the following?

A woman has been complaining of a burning sensation when urinating, and a urine culture demonstrated a bacterial infection. The physician placed the woman on ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin will be effective in eliminating the bacteria because it interferes with which one of the following processes?

A child develops skin tumour with blisters on exposure to sunlight. He very likely has a defect in which of the following mechanisms?

A promoter site on DNA:

Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is required by which of the following steps in protein synthesis?

A 27-year-old woman with epilepsy has been taking phenytoin to control her seizures. She is now pregnant, and her physician is considering changing her medication to prevent potential bleeding episodes in the infant. What biochemical activity might be deficient in the infant if her medication is continued?

A 75-year-old woman is seen in the emergency room with a fractured arm. Physical examination revealed multiple bruises and perifollicularhemorrhages, periodontitis, and painful gums. Her diet consists predominately of weak coffee, bouillon, rolls, and plain pasta. Lab results indicated mild microcyticanemia. Which of the following enzymes should be less active than normal in this patient?

Which of the following vitamins becomes a major electron acceptor, aiding in the oxidation of numerous substrates?

Dopamine hydroxylase converts dopamine to norepinephrine. The vitamin used as a cofactor in this reaction is:

Which of the following vitamins can act without phosphorylation?

Folate trap is because if the deficiency of

Vitamin B12 help in DNA synthesis by catalysing

A child is noted to be severely retarded. Physical examination reveals a pot-bellied, pale child with a puffy face. The child's tongue is enlarged. Dietary deficiency of which of the following substances can produce this pattern?

Megaloblasticanemia with folate deficiency is linked to an inability to perform which type of enzymatic process?

Megaloblasticanemia, due to folate deficiency from dietary causes, is linked to which dietary problem?

A complete blood count with differential for a pregnant woman reveals a hematocrit of 30%, with hypersegmented neutrophils and large, hypochromic red cells. Deficiency of which of the following would be most likely to produce these findings?

A recent immigrant complains of fatigue, weight gain, constipation, and cold intolerance. Physical examination demonstrates a diffuse mass in the anterior aspect of the neck. Dietary deficiency of which of the following nutrients is most likely to have contributed to the patient problem?

Which of the following statements about redox potential is false?

Which out of the following is not a flavoprotein?

Which out of the following has the highest redox potential?

Which one out of the following is not a NAD+ requiring enzyme?

Which of the following enzymes catalyze the irreversible steps of glycolysis?

Decreased glucose concentration in hepatic cells triggers all of the following except–

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl co A and Co2: True statement is:

The activity of pyruvate carboxylase is dependent upon the positive allosteric effector

Which of the following glycolytic enzyme is used in gluconeogenesis:

Which of the following enzyme does not catalyse decarboxylation reaction:

A patient with Von Gierke disease can produce excess of ketone bodies due to all of the following except–

Product produced by action of aldolase on sustrate formed from fructose are

Which of the following is a debranching enzyme:

All of the following are true about NADPH except

Inhibitor of electron transport which inhibits transport of ADP in and ATP out of mitochondria

False about insulin action

Which of the following enzyme catalyses the direct transfer and incorporation of O2 into a substrate molecule is

Which of the following statements is incorrect about oxidase?

Loss of electrons can be termed as

Gain of electrons can be termed as

Which of the following enzyme catalyzes the first step in the catabolism of ethanol?

Which out of the following enzymes can utilize both NAD+ and NADP+ as a coenzyme?

Excess of glucose is stored as:

N glycosidic bond is found in all EXCEPT:

How many high energy phosphates are utilized in synthesis of glucose from lactate?

Which of the following is optically active?

Glucose alanine cycle plays role in:

Benedict test is positive in all EXCEPT:

The refilling of TCA cycle intermediates is frequently dependent upon which of the following cofactors?

A newborn begins vomiting after feeding, becomes severely jaundiced, has liver disease, and cloudy lenses of the eyes suggestive of cataracts. Treatment for possible sepsis is initiated, and the urine is found to have reducing substances. A blood screen for galactosemia is positive, and lactose-containing substances are removed from the diet. Lactose is toxic in this case because of which of the following?

Glycogenolysis in muscle does not contribute directly to blood glucose concentration because muscle lacks the enzyme

Which of the following enzyme catalyzes the first step of glycolysis?

The general term used for the anaerobic degradation of glucose to obtain energy is

Whenever the cell ATP supply is depleted, which of the following enzyme activity is increased?

Cleavage of Fructose 1, 6-biophosphate yields

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is rapidly and reversibly converted to

The first step in the payoff phase of glycolysis is

The substrate used in the last step of glycolysis is

High concentration of glucose 6-phosphate is inhibitory to

The product formed in the first substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis is

Having a low capacity of TCA cycle is advantageous in liver in:

Following are tissues with active HMP shunt except:

In anaerobic glycolysis 1 mole of glucose gives

During gluconeogenesis reducing equivalents from mitochondria to the Cytosol are transported by:

Glycolysis converts

The deficiency of which of the following enzyme leads to galactosemia?

The conversion of which of the following involves two nucleotide derivatives?

Which of the following enzyme is responsible for the conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate?

The product formed in the isomerization of mannose 6-phosphate

Which of the following enzyme is present in saliva?

Which of the following conversions is not catalyzed by hexokinase?

Hydrolysis of lactose yields

Hydrolysis of sucrose yields

Maltose hydrolysis yields

Dextrin hydrolysis yields

Which of the following is true about the enzyme producing NADH from a triose phosphate in the glycolytic pathway?

The major factor(s) determining whether glucose is oxidized by aerobic or anaerobic glycolysis is/are

When glucose is converted to lactate by anaerobic glycolysis, equivalent number of ATPs derived is?

When one molecule of glucose is oxidized to two molecules of lactate during anaerobic glycolysis, which of the following statements is false?

In the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, which of the following is regenerated?

For its activity, pyruvate decarboxylase requires

TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate) is derived from

The end products in ethanol fermentation are

Enzyme involved in the pathway of ethanol fermentation?

Which of the following is not an important precursor of glucose in animals?

Which of the following statements is false about gluconeogenesis?

The enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate

Oxaloacetate is reduced to malate by

Gluconeogenesis involves conversion of

Which of the following organisms cannot covert acetyl-coA derived from fatty acids into glucose?

Formation of one molecule of glucose from pyruvate requires

Ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde in the liver cytoplasm by

The main source of glucose carbons for gluconeogenesis is

Which of the following statements about gluconeogenesis is correct?

In the pentose phosphate pathway, the major products are

The first reaction of the pentose phosphate pathway is

Which of the following statements is correct about oxidative pentose phosphate pathway?

Which one out of the following enzymes acts in pentose phosphate pathway?

Oxidation of 3 molecules of glucose by pentose phosphate pathway results in the production of

The main function of pentose phosphate pathway is

One of the following statements is correct about pentose phosphate pathway

Which of the following statements is correct about reductive pentose phosphate pathway?

The use of NADPH generated from pentose phosphate pathway cannot be

Conversion of xylulose 5-phosphate to ribulose 5-phosphate is catalyzed by

Which out of the following statements is true about regulation of metabolic pathway?

The rate of breakdown of metabolites is termed as

Diminished delivery of oxygen to tissues is termed as

Diminished flow of blood to tissues is termed as

Which of the following statements is true about the control of muscle glycogen phosphorylase?

Which of the following is not a factor determining the activity of an enzyme?

Which of the following statements is true?

Which of the following type of metabolite is used for generating glucose under severe starvation conditions?

Which of the following statements is true about brain metabolism in starvation?

One of the following statements about the control of enzyme activity by phosphorylation is correct

Gluconeogenesis responds to which of the following?

When blood sugar levels fall, glycolysis is halted in liver to allow

How many steps are catalyzed by same enzymes in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

How many steps are catalyzed by different enzymes in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

When the velocity of enzyme activity is plotted against substrate concentration, which of the following is obtained?

Which of the following statements is true about competitive inhibitors?

Which of the following statements is true about uncompetitive inhibitors?

The rate determining step of Michaelis-Menten kinetics is

The molecule which acts directly on an enzyme to lower its catalytic rate is

Which of the following is an example for irreversible inhibitor?

Which of the following is an example of reversible inhibitor?

Where does inhibitor binds on enzyme in mixed inhibition?

Which of the following catalyzes the reversible degradation of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate?

Which of the following catalyzes the reversible reaction of β-D-Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate?

The allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme

Which of the following is false about allosteric feedback inhibition?

FAD is a coenzyme in a reaction catalysed by which of the following enzymes?

The active transport of Ca is regulated by _____, which is synthesised in kidneys:

The biological activity of vit E has been attributed, in part, to its action as:

Studies of the actions of two anticoagulants—dicumarol and warfarin (the latter also a hemorrhagic rat poison) have revealed that

Which of the following statements regarding vitamin A is true?

Whole wheat is an excellent source of:

Feeding of raw white of egg in the diet may result in deficiency of:

A deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B1) would most likely lead to which of the following clinical manifestations?

Increased carbohydrate consumption increases the dietary requirement for:

The xanthurenic index can be used to measure pyridoxine deficiency, it involves the metabolism of:

Which of the following coenzyme is involved in the formation of hydorxy-proline during collagen synthesis?

Which of the following characteristic would be seen in a patient with severe deficiency of thiamine?

To prevent rickets in case of chronic renal disorders, which of the following substances should be administered?

Which of the following vitamins would most likely become deficient whose staple diet is maize?

Which of the following vitamins is the precursor of CoA?

Both acyl carrier protein (ACP) of fatty acid synthetase and coenzyme A (CoA)

Which one of the following cofactors must be utilized during the conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA?

Which of the following is a coenzyme?

Which of the following statements describing vitamin K is true?

Which of the following statements regarding vitamin A is true?

Which of the following conditions most likely a cause of functional deficiency of vitamin K?

A 27-year-old woman with epilepsy has been taking phenytoin to control her seizures. She is now pregnant, and her physician is considering changing her medication to prevent potential bleeding episodes in the infant. What biochemical activity might be deficient in the infant if her medication is continued?

Fully activated pyruvate carboxylase depends upon the presence of

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?

Which of the following is a polar derivative of cholesterol?

Which of the following fatty acid has the least melting point?

Out of the following which is not a source of glycerol?

Which of the following is false about fatty acids?

Which of the following fatty acid has 16 carbon atoms?

Which of the following is a hydroxyl fatty acid?

Out of the following, which is not an essential amino acid?

The number of milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the free and combined fatty acid in one gram of a given fat is called

Which of the following is a storage form of lipid?

Out of the following, cholesterol does not serve as a precursor for which compounds?

Which of the following is a sphingophospholipid?

Which of the following glycerophospholid acts as a lipotropic agent?

Which of the following phospholipids is a component of inner mitochondrial membrane?

In which of the following glycerophospholipids two phosphatidic acids share a single glycerol?

Platelet activating factor stimulates the release of which of the following compounds?

Which of the following group of membrane lipids predominate in plant cells?

Which of the following membrane lipids have a direct glycosidic linkage between the head-group sugar and the backbone glycerol?

The backbone of phospholipids is

What is the head-group alcohol in plasmolegen and platelet-activating factor?

Phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol yields

Which of the following vitamin is derived from cholesterol?

What leads to the activation of protein kinase C?

Fatty Acid Synthase complex does not include

All of the following statements about lipoprotein lipase are true, except:

Chylomicrons core is formed by?

Insulin causes lipogenesis by ALL except

In human plasma lipoprotein containing the highest percentage of triacylglyserol by weight of is

Which of the following has highest electrophoretic mobility and least lipid content:

Cholesterol present in LDL

All are true about LDL receptor except

Which receptor is present on the liver for the uptake of LDL

Type II hyperlipidemia is due to

Rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis is

Most important source of reducing equivalents for fatty acid synthesis in liver is:

First step in fatty acid synthesis involve

Which one of these has the least density

If choline moiety is replaced by ethanolamine, the net product is

Which of the following is not a phospholipid?

A membrane phospholipid that does not contain glycerol is

Acetyl CoA can be converted into all of the following except

Diet containing large amount of cholesterol reduces cholesterol synthesis in liver by inhibiting the conversion of

Which of the following serves as a specific binding site for the proteins involved in membrane fusion during exocytosis?

Which of the following hormone is responsible for the activation of phospholipase C?

An example of glycerophospholipid involved in cell signaling is

Which of the following type structure contains all the three glycosphingolipids?

The lipids with potent bio activities derived from isoprenoid precursors are common in

Which of the following vitamin is responsible for Ca+2 and phosphate metabolism?

How many products are obtained by the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol by phospholipase C?

Which of the following is false about lipids?

Which would move faster in thin layer chromatography?

HDL protects from atherosclerosis due to all the following reasons EXCEPT:

Trans fatty acids have all the following unwanted effects EXCEPT:

Which of the following prevents rancidity

Number of ATPs formed from complete oxidation of one mole of palmitic acid is

Which of the following explains why individuals with hyperlipidemia and/or gout should minimize their intake of sucrose and high fructose syrups?

Insulin causes lipogensesis by inducing all of the following EXCEPT:

The primary biochemical lesion in homozygotes with familial hypercholesterolemia (type IIa) is

In which type of chromatography, solvents of increasing polarity are passed through a column of silica gel?

Phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylserine are easily separated by

For the determination of fatty acid composition, transesterification is done in a warm aqueous solution of

A mixture of fatty acyl methyl esters are separated based on

Which technique is preferred in the separation of fatty acyl methyl esters from a mixture?

The dye used in TLC for detecting separated lipids by spraying the plate is

Which of the following is not a phospholipase?

In which type of chromatography lipids are carried up a silica gel coated pate by a rising solvent front, less polar travels farther than the more polar ones?

Which of the following acts as a passive electrical insulator?

Which of the following membranes contain low cholesterol and high cardiolipin?

Which of the following is important in signal transduction triggered by hormones?

Which of the following are the major component of chloroplast membrane of plants and are absent from animal cells?

How many types of lipid aggregates are formed when amphipathic lipids are mixed with water?

When cross sectional area of the head group and acyl side chain is similar, which of the following lipid aggregates formation is favored?

When cross sectional area of the head group is greater than that of the acyl side chain, which of the following lipid aggregates formation is favored?

Which of the following is a choline containing lipid?

A platelet is able to play its role in the formation of blood clot when one of the glycerophospholipids in the plasma membrane moves into the outer leaflet

Which of the following glycerophospholipids is not common in inner leaflet (cytoplasmic)?

Which of the following has high lipid content?

Erythrocyte glucose transporter is an example of

Which out of the following is not a mediated transport?

Identify the purine base of nucleic acids in the following

Which of the following are not the components of RNA?

Which of the following statements is true?

What is the composition of nucleoside?

What is the composition of nucleotide?

Group of adjacent nucleotides are joined by

The sugar molecule in a nucleotide is

Which of the following is true about phosphodiester linkage?

Which of the following is false about purine and pyrimidine bases?

Building blocks of nucleic acids are

Number of hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine?

Number of hydrogen bonds between guanine and cytosine?

Which ratio is constant for DNA?

According to Chargaff rule, in a DNA molecule

Arrangement of nucleotides in DNA can be seen by

Which of the following leads to disruption of nucleosomal structure?

One of the following nucleic acids has a left handed helix

Which of the following statements is not true about RNA?

Which of the following is true about Z-DNA helix?

Which of the following statements is true?

The common form of DNA is B-DNA which is right handed. What happens in hypochromicity?

Which of the following is true about tm?

Which of the following is false?

DNA denaturation is measured by absorbance at

Which of the following is false about denaturation?

Which of the following nucleotides is not present in RNA?

Which of the following nucleotides is not present in DNA?

Which of the following is false?

Which of the following involves in carrying genetic information from DNA for protein synthesis?

Apo B48, B100 belongs to same RNA, difference between them is due to 

Euchromatin is the region of DNA that is relatively

True about bacterial transcription termination process:

Following is true regarding histone acetylation

A palindrome is a sequence of nucleotide in DNA that

Age related deterioration of cognitive function is due to increase in following?

DNA polymerase Ι  have

Okazaki fragment are synthesized in

Following enzymes are used in DNA synthesis are all except

Which of the following enzymes is DNA dependent RNA polymerase:

Introns are excised by

Splicing phenomenon , which occurs in primary transcript for mRNA synthesis takes place in

True about enhancer is:

Part of mRNA removed during protein synthesis is

Which arm of the tRNA is responsible for maintaining the fiedility of protein synthesis:

Reading of codon on mRNA is

Translocation is necessary for

Microarray is the technique

Which of the following techniques is used for detection of variations in DNA sequences and Gene expression:

Silent mutation is due to which  phenomenon

In FISH technique which phase of the cell is used for analysis

Correct statement regarding restriction endonuclease are

Which of the following statement describing restriction endonuclease is true

Restriction enzymes–

During PCR the DNA strands are seprated using

SYBR Green dye is used for

A child develops skin tumour with blisters on exposure to sunlight. He very likely has a defect in which of the following mechanisms?

A potent inhibitor of protein synthesis that acts as an analogue of aminoacyl t RNA synthesis

Splicing activity is a function of

7- methylguanosine capping is the

3 end of histone mRNA is protected via

Which of the following does not act as a restriction enzyme?

Which of the following enzyme is responsible for making a DNA copy from RNA?

Which of the following statements is true?

Which of the following can be termed as a restriction modification system?

Which of the following is true about restriction endonucleases?

Which of the following enzymes combined action leads to the generation of sticky ends in plasmid vector?

Generally a plasmid vector contains how many elements?

To make the recombinant plasmid permeable to DNA molecules, which of the chemicals is added?

Which of the following statements is false?

The extra chromosomal, self-replicating, closed, double stranded and circular DNA molecule is generally termed as

E. cor1 is a

In which stage of genetic engineering a probe is used?

In hybridization method, which of the following is pressed onto agar?

All are true about cloning EXCEPT:

All are true about transcription EXCEPT:

Gold standard test for identification of COVID-19 infection is

Identify the virus

Identify the method of staining and organism

What is the purpose of bacterial endospores?

Gram positive cells

Prophase refers to

Which of the following media is used for culturing Salmonella?

An outbreak of sepsis caused by Staphylococcus aureus has occurred in the newborn nursery. You are called upon to investigate. According to your knowledge of the normal flora, what is the most likely source of the organism?

PCR basically consists of

Which of the following bacteria lack cell wall and therefore resistant to penicillin

The structure responsible for motility of bacteria is

Techoic acid are typically found in

Which of the following bacteria can grow in acidic pH

Mac conkey agar media is example of

When a substance is added to a liquid media which inhibits the  growth of unwanted organism and favours the growth of wanted organism, it is known as

Acqusition of new gene in a bacteria through a segment of DNA with one or more gene in a center and two ends carrying inverted repeated sequence of nucleotides?

All are a characteristic feature of stationary phase of growth curve except

What is the order of reagent used in gram stain

Which of the following substance act as sterilizing substance

Media containing spores and thermolabile constituents is sterilized by

The commonest mode of transmission of HIV is/are

Shift and drift both is a feature of

Each of the following statements concerning Trichomonas vaginalis is correct except:

Each of the following statements concerning Giardia lamblia is correct except:

Each of the following parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes except:

Which of the following agent is used to prevent Malaria

A girl who pricked her finger while pruning some rose bushes develops a local pustule that progresses to an ulcer. Several nodules then develop along the local lymphatic drainage. The most likely agent is

Each of the following statements concerning Cryptococcus neoformans are correct EXCEPT

Each of the following statements concerning Candida albicans is correct except

Triple vaccine for the prevention of virus infections protects against all except

Characteristic of bacterial capsule is

The following viruses are associated with congenital infection except

Viruses can be isolated from clinical samples by cultivation in the following except?

Which is true about Hepatitis C virus

Hook worm infection leads to deficiency of

Each of the following statements concerning Malaria is correct except

Which one of the following viral diseases has the shortest incubation period?

Below image showing growth curve of bacteria in which T is time and L is no. of bacteria. Part B of growth curve indicates

A 16 yrs old girl suffering from burn wound infection. Pus is taken from the wound and cultured on blood agar and incubated for overnight at 37 degree C. Biochemical test is performed for identification of bacteria from blood agar then identify the test (shown in picture) and bacteria

A 12 yrs old boy suffering from fever. Blood sample was taken from the patients for rapid identification of malaria parasite. Rapid antibody test is performed for malaria (shown in pic) then patient is suffering from

This media is used for cultivation of

Wet mount of stool having eggs (shown in fig). This egg is

38 year old male belong to Jharkhand and his hydrocele is enlarged and examination has been done and from thin slides. In thin film this microfilaria are identified (shown in figure). What is the organism

This gram stain shows which bacteria

10 yrs old boy suffering from diarrhea and he is malnourished. Stool is send to laboratory for suspecting parasite  infestation then on stool examination “ stool is having only these types of eggs (showing in figure) then which one is correct statement

Which of the following is true about Japanese encephalitis?

Marker of acute Hepatitis B is

A CSF of a 2 years old child has been seen to the laboratory to detect the presence of capsulated yeast. The staining technique most commonly employed for the purpose is

Microscopic examination of a pus sample shows a filamentous organism which is acid fast with 1% sulphuric acid. Which of the following organisms could it be?

The most commonly used fluorescent dye in the detection of tubercle bacilli

Dark ground microscopy is useful to identify

Fungus capable of forming fungal ball is

All are dimorphic fungus except

Kuru disease in Humans is caused by

Hydatid disease is identified by

Dengue virus is transmitted from man to man by the

Tinea versicolor is caused by

Quartan malaria is caused by plasmodium

Causes of pseudomembrane are all except

Vaccines available in India against covid-19

Identify the amino acids containing nonpolar, aliphatic R groups

The two amino acids having R groups with a negative net charge at pH 7.0 are

If pK1=2.34 and pK2=9.60, then the isoelectric point pI is

Which of the following is a true statement?

Which among the following is a non-essential amino acid?

Which of the following is an essential amino acid?

Which of the following is an imino acid?

Which among the following is both glucogenic and ketogenic?